565 


EXCHANGE 


Conductivity    and   Viscosity  in  Glyc 
erol  and  in  Binary  Mixtures  of 
Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alco- 
hol, with  Methyl  Alco- 
hol, and  with  Water 


DISSERTATION 


SUBMITTED  TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OF 

THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  IN  CONFORMITY 

WITH  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE 

OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


BY 

JAMES  SAMUEIv  GUY 

BALTIMORE 
June,  1911 


EASTON,  PA.: 

ESCHENBACH  PRINTING  Co. 

1911 


Conductivity    and    Viscosity  in  Glyc- 
erol  and  in  Binary  Mixtures  of 
Glyceroi  with   Ethyl   Alco- 
hol, with  Methyl  Alco- 
hol, and  with  Water 


DISSERTATION 


SUBMITTED  TO  THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES  OF 

THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  IN  CONFORMITY 

WITH  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE 

OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


BY 

JAMES  SAMUEL  GUY 
\\ 

BALTIMORE 
June,   1911 


EASTON,   PA.: 
ESCHKNBACH  PRINTING  CO. 

I9II 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Acknowledgment 4 

Introduction 5 

EXPERIMENTAL. 

Apparatus 10 

Solutions ii 

Solvents 1 1 

Salts 12 

Viscosity 12 

Temperature  Coefficients 12 

Conductivity  Data  in  Glycerol 13 

Conductivity  Data  in  Mixed  Solvents 27 

Comparison  of  Temperature  Coefficients 47 

Viscosities  and  Fluidities  in  Glycerol 50 

Viscosities  and  Fluidities  in  Mixed  Solvents 51 

Salts  with  Negative  Viscosities 52 

DISCUSSION  OF   RESULTS. 

Conductivity 52 

Viscosities  and  Fluidities 66 

Negative  Viscosity  Coefficients 68 

Summary  of  Conclusions 7 1 

Biography 72 


251860 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 

The  author  desires  to  express  his  deep  sense  of  gratitude  to 
President  Remsen,  to  Professor  H.  N.  Morse,  to  Professor 
H.  C.  Jones,  to  Professor  E.  Renouf,  to  Professor  C.  K. 
Swartz,  and  to  Associate  Professor  Acree  for  valuable  advice 
and  instruction  which  have  been  received  both  in  the  labora- 
tory and  in  the  class-room. 

Special  thanks  are  due  to  Professor  Jones,  at  whose  sugges- 
tion this  investigation  was  undertaken  and  under  whose 
direction  it  was  carried  out. 


Conductivity   and  Viscosity    in  Glycerol    and    in 
Binary  Mixtures  of  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alco- 
hol, with  Methyl  Alcohol,  and  with  Water 


INTRODUCTION 

Jones  and  Schmidt,1  in  a  previous  paper  published  from 
this  laboratory,  gave  a  detailed  historical  sketch  of  the 
work  of  Jones  with  Lindsay,2  Carroll,3  Bassett,4  Bingham,5 
Rouiller,6  McMaster,7  Veazey,8  and  Mahin,9  dealing  with 
the  relations  existing  between  conductivity  and  viscosity 
of  a  large  number  of  electrolytes  in  binary  mixtures  of  methyl 
alcohol,  ethyl  alcohol,  acetone,  and  water.  Schmidt  worked 
with  binary  mixtures,  and  introduced  glycerol  as  one  of  the 
solvents. 

The  results  of  these  investigations  have  been  to  show  that 
curves  representing  fluidity  and  conductivity  have,  in  general, 
the  same  form,  whether  they  show  maxima  or  minima  as  the 
composition  of  the  mixture  is  changed. 

A  fuller  discussion  of  the  results  and  conclusions  drawn 
from  the  first  seven  of  these  investigations  has  been  published 
as  Monograph  No.  80  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washing- 
ton (1907).  In  all  of  these  publications,  due  credit  has  been 
given  to  previous  workers  in  this  field,  hence  mention  of 
their  results  need  be  made  only  in  so  far  as  they  bear  upon 
points  of  interest  in  this  investigation. 

The  work  of  Jones  and  Veazey10  included  a  study  of  the 
conductivities  and  fluidities  of  cupric  chloride  and  potassium 
sulphocyanate  in  mixtures  of  the  same  general  composition 
as  those  used  by  Jones  and  Bingham.11  Copper  chloride 

1  Am.  Chem.  J.,  42,  37  (1909). 

2  Ibid.,  28,  329  (1902). 

3  Ibid.,  32,  521  (1904). 
*  Ibid.,  32,  409  (1904). 

6  Ibid.,  34,  481  (1905). 
«  Ibid.,  38,  427  (1906). 

7  Ibid.,  38,  325  (1906). 

»  Z.  physik.  Chem.,  61,  641  (1908). 

9  Ibid.,  69,  389  (1909). 
10  Am.  Chem.  J.,  37,  405  (1907). 
»  Ibid.,  34,  481  (1905). 


gave  results  that  were  about  normal,  i.  e.,  the  curves  repre- 
senting conductivity  and  fluidity  were  very  similar. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  points  brought  out  in  the  in- 
vestigation of  Jones  and  Veazey  was  the  fact  that  in  certain 
of  the  mixtures  the  solution  of  potassium  sulphocyanate  gave 
a  viscosity  that  was  less  than  that  of  the  pure  solvent. 

Euler1  had  noted  that  certain  salts  had  the  power  to  lower 
the  viscosity  of  water,  and  explained  this  fact  by  the  aid 
of  the  "electrostriction  theory"  of  Drude  and  Nernst,2  ac- 
cording to  which  there  exists  about  every  ion,  by  virtue  of  its 
charge,  a  strong  electrostatic  field,  which  causes  a  strong 
compression  of  the  liquid  in  this  field. 

Wagner  and  Miihlenbein3  showed  that  Euler's  reasoning 
could  not  hold,  since  the  viscosity  of  a  liquid  could  be  lowered 
by  the  addition  of  certain  nonelectrolytes  whose  viscosity 
was  even  greater  than  that  of  the  solvent.  In  a  word,  the 
effect  could  not  be  due  to  any  phenomenon  specific  to  ions, 
since  the  molecules  could  produce  the  same  change. 

Jones  and  Veazey4  offer  a  possible  explanation  of  this  phe- 
nomenon. A  careful  study  of  all  the  viscosity  data  avail- 
able showed  that  only  certain  salts  of  potassium,  rubidium, 
and  caesium  had  the  power  of  lowering  the  viscosity  of  water. 
The  work  of  Thorpe  and  Rodger5  had  indicated  that,  in  all 
probability,  viscosity  was  a  direct  function  of  the  skin  friction 
of  the  ultimate  particles  present.  This  being  the  case,  it 
is  not  surprising  that  some  salts  of  the  above  named  metals 
do  not  produce  this  effect,  since  it  is  clear  that  viscosity  is 
an  additive  property  of  both  the  ions  present.  The  one 
might  tend  to  decrease,  the  other  to  increase  the  viscosity, 
and  the  final  results  would  depend  upon  whether  or  not  the 
sum  of  these  two  opposing  influences  was  positive  or  nega- 
tive. These  same  three  metals  occupy  the  maxima  on  the 
well-known  atomic  volume  curve  of  Lothar  Meyer.6  This,  of 
course,  means  that  these  metals  have  very  large  atomic  volumes. 

1  Z.  physik.  Chem.,  25,  536  (1898). 

2  Ibid.,  15,  79  (1894). 

3  Ibid.,  46,  867  (.1903). 

4  Am.  Chem.  J.,  37,  405  (1907). 

5  Phil.  Trans.,  185,  A,  307  (1894). 

e  Ann.  Chem.  (Liebig),  Suppl.,  7,  354  (1870). 


With  these  facts  at  hand,  Jones  and  Veazey  offer  the  fol- 
lowing simple  explanation  as  to  how  any  substance  may 
lower  the  viscosity  of  the  solvent  in  which  it  is  dissolved. 
If  the  atomic  volume  of  the  added  electrolyte  is  larger  than 
the  molecular  aggregates  of  the  solvent,  then  the  relative 
amount  of  skin  friction  in  a  given  volume  of  solution  would  be 
decreased,  and  hence,  according  to  the  hypothesis  of  Thorpe 
and  Rodger,1  the  viscosity,  which  is  a  direct  function  of  the 
skin  friction,  would  be  decreased. 

Jones  and  Veazey  use  the  same  reasoning  to  account  for  an 
increase  in  viscosity  when  water  and  alcohol  are  mixed.  Parts 
of  these  liquids,  as  shown  by  the  method  of  Ramsay  and 
Shields,2  exist,  when  pure,  in  a  highly  associated  condition. 
Jones  and  Lindsay,3  in  measuring  the  conductivities  in  such  a 
mixture,  had  noted  a  minimum  conductivity  in  a  mixture 
containing  fifty  per  cent,  of  each  solvent.  In  a  word,  at  this 
point  the  conductivity  was  less  than  that  in  either  solvent 
independently. 

They  offer  the  following  explanation.  Jones  and  Murray4 
showed  that  when  two  highly  associated  liquids,  which  in 
terms  of  the  hypothesis  of  Dutoit  and  Aston5  would  have 
strong  dissociating  powers,  are  mixed,  the  one  breaks  down 
the  molecular  association  of  the  other.  This  decrease  in 
association  would  lessen  the  power  of  the  solvent  to  dissociate 
a  given  electrolyte  into  its  ions,  and  thus  decrease  the  conduc- 
tivity. Jones  and  Murray  actually  found  that  the  molecular 
weights  of  water,  formic  acid  and  acetic  acid,  when  mixed 
in  pairs,  showed  smaller  values  than  in  the  pure  homogeneous 
condition.  This  change  in  the  molecular  aggregation  would 
increase  the  skin  friction  and  thus  increase  the  viscosity. 

This  lowering  of  viscosity  is  of  importance  as  bearing  upon 
some  facts  established  in  this  investigation,  and  these  will 
be  discussed  later. 

It  is  well  known  that  in  a  strongly  dissociating  solvent 

1  Loc.  cit. 

2  Z.  physik.  Chem.,  12,  433  (1893). 

3  Am.  Chem.  J.,  28,  329  (1902). 

4  Ibid.,  30,  193  (1903). 

5  Compt.  rend.,  125,  240  (1897). 


8 

the  conductivity  of  a  ternary  electrolyte  is,  in  general,  larger 
than  that  of  a  binary  one  in  the  same  solvent — since  there 
is  a  larger  number  of  ions  present.  Jones  and  Veazey1 
were  able  to  show  that  potassium  sulphocyanate  in  ethyl 
alcohol  gave  a  larger  molecular  conductivity  than  copper 
chloride,  while  in  aqueous  solution  the  reverse  was  true.  This, 
in  the  opinion  of  Jones  and  Veazey,  was  due  to  the  fact  that 
ethyl  alcohol,  being  a  relatively  weak  dissociating  agent,  had, 
at  moderate  dilutions,  the  power  of  breaking  copper  chloride 
down  into  only  two  ions.  This  fact  will  be  referred  to  again 
under  the  discussion  of  the  results  obtained  in  this  investiga- 
tion. 

Cattaneo2  measured  the  conductivities  of  a  few  salts  in 
glycerol  and  found  values  much  smaller  than  in  water.  Schott- 
ner3  and  Arrhenius4  measured  the  viscosities  of  glycerol  and 
mixtures  of  this  solvent  with  water  and  with  other  nonaqueous 
solvents.  By  far  the  larger  part  of  the  work,  with  glycerol 
as  a  solvent,  has  been  done  by  Jones  and  Schmidt.  The 
present  investigation  is  a  continuation  of  their  work. 

Jones  and  Schmidt  have  shown  that  glycerol  is  an  excellent 
solvent  and,  in  all  probability,  a  fairly  good  dissociating  solvent, 
since  it  has  a  dielectric  constant  of  16.5  at  1 8°,  and  an  association 
factor  of  1.8  at  the  same  temperature.  With  such  a  dielectric 
constant  and  association  factor  glycerol,  according  to  the 
Thompson 5-Nernst6  and  Dutoit  and  Aston7  hypotheses,  should 
have  a  dissociating  power  approximately  equal  to  that  of 
ethyl  alcohol.  Jones  and  Schmidt  believed  that  the  extremely 
small  conductivities  shown  by  solutions  of  electrolytes  in 
glycerol  were  due  to  the  high  viscosity  of  this  solvent. 

With  these  facts  before  us,  an  attempt  was  made  to  study 
the  relative  ionic  velocities  of  electrolytes  in  glycerol.  The 
apparatus  used  for  this  purpose  was  that  devised  by  Jones  and 

1  Loc.  cit. 

2  Rend    R.  Accad.  Lincei,  [5]  2,  II,  112  (1893). 

3  Wtenu  Her.,  77,  II  682  (1878). 

4  Z.  physik.  Chem.,  1,  285  (1887). 
s  Phi!.  Mag.,  36,  320  (1893). 

6  Z.  ph3'sik.  Chem.,  13,  531  (18941. 

7  Lcc.  cit. 


Basse tt,1  and  used  subsequently  in  this  laboratory.2  A  normal 
solution  of  copper  chloride  in  such  an  apparatus  was  subjected 
to  a  current  of  120  volts  for  forty-eight  hours,  and  only  a  few 
milligrams  of  silver  were  deposited  in  the  voltameter.  Al- 
though no  final  data  concerning  the  migration  velocities 
were  obtained,  yet  the  above  experiment  was  sufficient  to 
show  that  the  movement  of  the  ions  in  solutions  of  glycerol 
must  be  extremely  slow  as  compared  with  the  movement  of 
ions  in  water  and  the  alcohols,  etc. 

Jones  and  Getman3  had  measured  the  amount  of  solvation  of 
glycerol  in  aqueous  solution.  This  work  has  been  repeated 
and  was  found  to  contain  an  error,  probably  in  the  strength 
of  the  solution. 

The  following  table  shows  that  the  amount  of  solvation  is 
extremely  slight  even  in  the  most  dilute  solutions. 

Table  A 

Cor. 
N  A  A/m  Wsol-          Wglyc-        W  water       Percent.      L          L' 

0.2  0.383  1.91  25.1600  0.4603  24.6997  1.20  1.86  1.89 

0.4  0.773  !-93  25-2I5o  0.9206  24.2944  2.82  1.86  1.88 

0.8  1.627  2.03  25.4925   1.8413  23.6512  5.39  1.86  1.92 

1.2  2.528  2.10  25.6300  2.7619  22.8681  8.52  1.86  1.92 

1.6  3.482  2.18  25.9025  3.6826  22.2199  ii. 12  1.86  1.94 

2.0  4.451  2.22  26.0650  4.6032  21.4618  14.15  1.86  1.90 

2.4  5.764  2.34  26.2450  5.5238  20.7212  17.11  1.86  1.64 

2.8  6.986  2.46  26.4375  6.4445  19.9930  20.03  J-86  !-95 

In  this  table  N  is  the  normality  of  the  solutions,  A  the  observed 
lowering  of  the  freezing  point  corrected  for  the  separation  of 
ice,  A/m  the  molecular  lowering  of  the  freezing  point,  W&ol 
the  weight  of  25  cc.  of  solution,  W^glyc  the  weight  of  glycerol 
in  25  cc.  of  solution,  H/water  the  weight  of  water  contained 
in  25  cc.  of  solution,  L  the  theoretical  molecular  lowering 
of  the  freezing  point  referred  to  1000  grams  of  solvent,  and 
L'  the  observed  corrected  lowering  on  the  same  basis.  It 
is  seen  that  the  observed  and  theoretical  molecular  lowerings 

1  Am.  Chem.  J..  32,  429  (1904). 

2  Ibid.,  36,  427  (1906). 

3  Ibid.,  31,  303  (1904). 


10 

are  nearly  the  same,  indicating  that  the  substance  does  not 
show  any  marked  hydra tion  in  the  solutions  worked  with. 

EXPERIMENTAL 
Apparatus 

In  this  investigation  the  Kohlrausch  method  of  measuring 
conductivity  has  been  employed,  the  improved  Kohlrausch 
slide-wire  bridge,  resistance  box,  induction  coil,  and  telephone 
receiver  being  used.  The  entire  apparatus  was  made  and 
carefully  calibrated  by  Leeds,  Northrup  and  Co.,  Philadelphia, 
and,  in  addition,  the  standard  resistance  was  checked  by  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  Standards,  Washington,  D.  C.  The 
new  form  of  bridge  is  a  great  improvement  over  the  ordinary 
Wheatstone  bridge,  both  in  convenience  and  accuracy.  By 
means  of  such  a  bridge  readings  may  be  checked,  under 
favorable  conditions,  to  one-tenth  of  a  millimeter. 

The  conductivity  cells  were  of  the  same  type  as  those  de- 
scribed by  Jones  and  Schmidt1  and  Jones  and  Kreider.2  Such 
cells,  as  has  been  stated,  have  very  small  constants,  and 
hence  are  well  adapted  to  measuring  the  conductivity  of 
solutions  with  high  resistances.  In  every  case  the  cell  con- 
stants were  determined  by  means  of  a  fiftieth-normal  potas- 
sium chloride  solution,  and  checks  made  at  frequent  intervals 
showing  only  slight  variations  in  the  cell  constants  through- 
out the  entire  investigation.  The  molecular  conductivity 
of  the  fiftieth-normal  potassium  chloride  solution  was  taken 
as  129.7  reciprocal  Siemens  units  at  25°. 

The  constant  temperature  baths  were  regulated  by  elec- 
trically-controlled regulators,  devised  by  Reid,3  and  were 
kept  within  o°.o2  of  the  desired  temperature.  The  ther- 
mometers were  carefully  standardized  by  means  of  a  certifi- 
cated Reichsanstalt  instrument.  All  flasks,  burettes,  and 
other  apparatus  were  carefully  calibrated,  by  weighing,  to 
hold  aliquot  parts  of  the  true  liter  at  20°. 

1  Loc.  cit. 

2  Am.  Chem.  J.,  45,  295  (1911). 
»/&«*.,  41,  148  (1909). 


II 

Solutions 

For  the  work  at  25°,  35°,  and  45°,  solutions  were  made  up 
at  20°,  while  for  the  higher  temperature  work,  the  solutions 
were  made  up  at  50°.  In  all  cases  the  mother  solution  was 
made  by  direct  weighing  of  the  carefully  dried,  anhydrous 
salt,  and  from  this  the  N/SO  and  N/ioo  solutions  were  made 
by  dilution.  These  solutions  then  served  as  the  mother 
solutions  for  the  N/2oo  and  N/4OO,  from  which,  in  turn, 
the  N/8oo  and  N/i6oo  solutions  were  made.  The  highest 
dilution  was  made  by  diluting  the  N/4OO  solution  four  times. 

Measurements  were  not  made  at  dilutions  higher  than 
sixteen  hundred,  on  account  of  the  extremely  high  resistance 
and  consequent  difficulty  in  making  the  readings.  In  pure 
glycerol  measurements  were  made  at  intervals  of  10°  from 
25°  to  75°,  while  in  the  mixed  solvents  they  were  made 
only  at  25°,  35°,  and  45°. 

Solvents 

Glycerol. — The  glycerol  used  was  Kahlbaum's  best  double- 
distilled  product,  and  had  a  mean  specific  conductivity  of 
about  0.9  X  icr7  at  25°.  Schmidt  had  showed  that  redis- 
tillation did  not  essentially  improve  the  glycerol.  Its  specific 
gravity  showed  that  it  contained  about  0.02  of  a  per  cent,  of 
water.  The  two  lots  obtained  from  Kahlbaurn  showed  some- 
what different  viscosities,  as  is  indicated  in  the  experimental 
results. 

Water. — The  water  was  purified  by  the  method  of  Jones 
and  Mackay,1  with  the  modification  as  mentioned  by  Schmidt, 
and  had  a  mean  specific  conductivity  of  1.5  X  io-6  at  25°. 

Ethyl  and  Methyl  Alcohols. — The  ethyl  alcohol  was  puri- 
fied by  several  distillations  from  the  very  best  quality  of 
lime,  and  block-tin  condensers  were  always  used.  It  had 
a  mean  conductivity  of  1.8  X  io~7  at  25°.  The  methyl  alcohol 
was  first  distilled  from  a  small  amount  of  dilute  sulphuric 
acid  and  then  several  times  from  lime.  It  had  a  mean  specific 
conductivity  of  2.0  X  io~6  at  25°. 

1  Am.  Chem.  J.,  17,  83  (1895). 


12 

Salts 

In  all  cases,  Kahlbaum's  purest  articles  were  used,  and 
these  were  recrystallized  at  least  three  times  from  conduc- 
tivity water,  carefully  dried  at  125°,  and  the  solutions  made 
by  direct  weighing. 

Viscosity 

The  viscosity  measurements  were  made  by  means  of  the 
Ostwald  viscosimeter  as  modified  by  Jones  and  Veazey,1  and 
the  size  of  the  capillary  so  regulated  as  to  be  best  adapted 
to  glycerol  measurements.  The  method  of  calibration  has 
been  discussed  in  detail  by  Schmidt.2  Viscosity  was  cal- 
culated from  the  formula 

JL  =    Sl 

in  which  y  is  the  viscosity  coefficient  for  the  liquid  in  question, 
rjQ  that  of  water,  S  the  specific  gravity  of  the  liquid,  t  the  time 
of  flow  of  the  same,  S0  the  specific  gravity  of  water  at  the  given 
temperature,  and  tQ  the  time  of  flow  of  the  water.  Fluidity 
was  calculated  from  the  formula 


where  6  represents  the  fluidity.  The  values  of  T?O  are  taken 
from  the  work  of  Thorpe  and  Rodger,2  being  0.00891  at  25°, 
0.00720  at  35°,  0.00598  at  45°,  0.005057  at  55°,  0.004355  at 
65°,  and  0.003786  at  75°. 

Temperature  Coefficients 

The  temperature  coefficients,  both  in  per  cent,  and  in  conduc- 
tivity units,  have  been  calculated,  the  latter  being  simply 
the  actual  increase  in  molecular  conductivity  per  degree  rise 
in  temperature,  while  the  former  were  calculated  from  the 
formula 


10 


1  Z.  physik.  Chem.,  61,  641  (1908). 

2  Loc.  cil. 


13 

The  temperature  coefficients  of  fluidity  were  calculated 
in  the  same  way. 

Viscosity  measurements  were  made  only  with  the  tenth- 
normal  solutions,  since  at  higher  dilutions  the  difference 
between  the  viscosity  of  the  solution  and  that  of  the  solvent 
was  very  slight. 

Table    I — Molecular    Conductivity    of     Potassium    Nitrate    in 
Glycerol  at  25°,  35°,  45° 

V  nv  25° 


\  / 
I  O 

0-337                        0.681                         1 

[.248 

50 

0.368                 0.754                 ^ 

[-384 

100 

0-373                 0.769                 ] 

[.419 

200 

0.397                 0.818                 i 

t-509 

400 

0.397                 0.818                 ] 

[.510 

800 

0.412                 0.845                 : 

t-569 

1600 

o  .  43  1                 o  .  900                 i 

t-739 

Table  II  —  Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.                                           Cond.  units 

V 

25  °-35°                     35°-45°                  25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

O.IO2O                0.0833                O.O344 

0.0567 

50 

0.1050                0.0835                0.0386 

o  .  0630 

100 

0.1061           0.0847           0.0396 

o  .  0650 

200 

0.1060           0.0845           0.0421 

0.0691 

4OO 

0.1060           0.0846           0.0421 

0.0692 

800 

0.1051         0.0857         0.0433 

0.0724 

I600 

0.1084          0.0932          0.0469 

0.0839 

Table  III  —  Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium 

Chloride  in 

Glycerol  at  25°,  55°,  45° 

V 

//i>  25  °                            fty  35  ° 

l*v  45° 

10 

0.385                         0.772 

[.413 

50 

0.405                         0.841 

.516 

IOO 

0.412                         0.844 

.538 

200 

0.415                         0.850 

•545 

400 

0-439                         0.852 

•571 

800 

o  .  443                 o  .  870 

.623 

1600 

0.536                 0.915 

.630 

14 
Table  IV — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°^5° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

o  .  1005 

o  .  0830 

0.0387 

0.0641 

50 

o.  1074 

o  .  0804 

0.0436 

0.0675 

100 

o.  1048 

O.O822 

0.0432 

0.0694 

200 

o.  1047 

0.0818 

0-0435 

0.0695 

400 

0.0941 

o  .  0844 

0.0413 

0.0719 

800 

0.0964 

0.0865 

0.0427 

0-0753 

1600 

0.0708 

0.0781 

0.0379 

0.0715 

Table    V — Molecular   Conductivity   of     Potassium   Bromide    in 
Glycerol  at  25°,  55°,  45° 


V 

tiv  25° 

fig  35* 

l*v  45° 

10 

0.366 

0.752 

1-376 

50 

0.369 

0.752 

.396 

100 

0.384 

0.778 

•434 

20O 

0.385 

0.782 

•435 

400 

0.386 

O.SOI 

•527 

800 

0-390 

0.821                        ] 

•578 

1600 

0.413 

0.877                        3 

[.667 

Table  VI — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35  °-45  ° 

10 

0.1054 

0.0829 

0.0386 

0.0624 

50 

o.  1041 

0.0857 

0-0383 

o  .  0644 

100 

o.  1028 

0.0843 

0.0394 

0.0656 

2OO 

O.I03I 

0.0835 

0.0397 

0.0653 

400 

o.  1080 

o  .  0906 

0.0415 

O.O726 

800 

o  .  i  104 

0.0922 

0.0431 

0.0757 

1600 

O.II23 

0.0901 

o  .  0464 

0.0790 

Table    VII — Molecular    Conductivity    of     Sodium    Chloride    in 


Glycerol  at  25 


45° 


V 

M,25° 

ifl  35° 

v  45° 

10 

0.328 

0.666 

.223 

50 

0-351 

o.  711 

•319 

100 

0-353 

0.720 

•350 

200 

0.372 

0-753 

•409 

400 

0-375 

0.765                .1 

.421 

800 

0.391 

o  .  806 

.588 

1600 

0-395 

0.825            ] 

.629 

Table  VIII — Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

o.  1030 

0.0838 

0.0338 

0-0557 

50 

o.  1024 

0.0855 

0.0360 

o  .  0608 

100 

o.  1038 

0.0872 

0.0367 

o  .  0630 

200 

o.  1024 

0.0871 

0.0381 

0.0656 

400 

o.  1040 

0.0856 

0.0390 

0.0656 

800 

o.  1  06  1 

0.0970 

0.0415 

0.0782 

1600 

o.  1090 

0.0974 

o  .  0430 

o  .  0804 

Table  IX — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Sodium  Iodide  in  Glycerol 


at  25  ( 

\  35°,  45° 

V 

ttv25° 

M,35° 

«7,45° 

10 

0.342 

o  .  690                 ] 

.265 

50 

0.364 

0-737 

.361 

IOO 

0.366 

0-745                          3 

•372 

200 

0-379 

0.761 

•397 

400 

0.397 

0.786                          ] 

•452 

800 

0.388 

0.760                         1 

[.418 

1600 

0-447 

O  .  840                      3 

1-557 

Table  X — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-*5° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.1027 

0.0833 

0.0348 

0-0575 

50 

0.  1021 

0.0846 

0.0373 

0.0624 

IOO 

0.1035 

0.0841 

0.0379 

0.0627 

200 

o.  1019 

0.0836 

0.0382 

0.0636 

400 

0.0978 

0.0847 

0.0389 

0  .  0666 

800 

0.0959 

0.0865 

0.0372 

0.0658 

1600 

0.0879 

0.0853 

0-0393 

0.0717 

Table  XI — Molecular    Conductivity    of     Sodium    Bromide    in 
Glycerol  at  25°,  35°,  45° 


V 

«,25° 

W35° 

/IT,  45° 

10 

0.318 

0.646 

.  192 

50 

0-331 

0.678 

.260 

IOO 

0.332 

0.682 

•293 

200 

0-359 

0-734 

.367 

400 

0.363 

0-754                 1 

.410 

800 

0-379 

0.784                 .] 

.465 

I6OO 

0.384 

0.791                -I 

[.515 

IS 


Table  XII — Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25 

°-35° 

35°-45° 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-45° 

IO 

0. 

1034 

0 

.0846 

0.0328 

O.O546 

50 

0. 

1046 

0 

.0864 

0.0347 

0.0582 

100 

0. 

1054 

0 

.0884 

0.0350 

0  .  06  I  I 

2OO 

0. 

1042 

0 

.0868 

0.0375 

0.0633 

400 

0. 

1077 

o 

.0870 

0.0391 

0.0656 

800 

0. 

1067 

0 

.0869 

0.0405 

0.068  1 

1600 

0. 

1068 

0 

.0913 

o  .  0407 

0.0724 

Table    XIII  —  Molecular    Conductivity 

of   Sodium 

Nitrate    in 

Glycerol 

at  25°, 

35 

°,  45° 

V 

W 

p25° 

l'-v 

•2  C  O 

^45° 

10 

O 

303 

0. 

617                         I.I29 

50 

0 

331 

0. 

677 

•239 

100 

0 

338 

0. 

707 

.284 

200 

0 

355 

0. 

735 

•  362 

400 

0 

358 

0. 

737                 J 

.378 

800 

0 

372 

0. 

766 

.412 

1600 

0 

386 

0. 

796 

•544 

Table  XIV — Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25 

°-35° 

35°-45° 

25  °-35  ° 

35  °-45  ° 

IO 

0. 

1033 

0.0828 

0.0314 

0.0512 

50 

O. 

1046 

0.0830 

0.0346 

0.0562 

100 

0. 

1096 

0.0818 

0.0369 

0.0577 

2OO 

0. 

1070 

0.0851 

0.0380 

0.0627 

400 

O. 

1058 

0.0870 

0.0379 

0.0641 

800 

0. 

1058 

0.0843 

0.0394 

o  .  0646 

1600 

O. 

1062 

o  .  0940 

O.O4IO 

0.0748 

Table  XV—  Molecular 

Conductivity 

of  Ammonium 

Chloride  in 

Glycerol  at  25°, 

35°,  45° 

V 

ft 

v  25° 

fiv35Q                           f 

'V  45° 

10 

0 

•393 

0.801  •               I 

•452 

50 

0 

.411 

o  •  849                 I 

•543 

IOO 

0 

.426 

0.879                 i 

.605 

200 

o 

.427 

0.889                 i 

.623 

4OO 

0 

•432 

0.889                 i 

•639 

800 

0 

.440 

0.931                 i 

.696 

1600 

o 

.442 

0.948                 I 

.709 

17 

Table  XVI — Temperature  Coefficients 

Percent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25 

°-35° 

35  °-45  ° 

25  °-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0. 

1038 

0  .  08  I  2 

o  .  0408 

0.0651 

50 

0. 

1065 

0.0808 

0.0438 

o  .  0694 

IOO 

O. 

1063 

0.0827 

0.0453 

O.O726 

200 

O. 

I080 

0.0825 

0.0462 

0.0734 

400 

0. 

1057 

o  .  0844 

0.0457 

0.0750 

800 

O. 

III3 

0.0822 

O.O49I 

0.0765 

I6OO 

O. 

1123 

o  .  0803 

o  .  0506 

0.0761 

Table  XVII — Molecular  Conductivity    of  Ammonium  Bromide 

45° 

W>45° 

I-39I 
1.490 

I-53I 
1.632 
I  .642 
1.694 

I  .  864 

Table  XVIII— Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


in  Glycerol 

at  25°,  35°, 

V 

l*o  25° 

/•*  35° 

10 

0-373 

0.758 

50 

0.391 

0.802 

IOO 

0-397 

0.824 

2OO 

0.422 

0.878 

400 

0.430 

0.889 

800 

0.444 

O.926 

I6OO 

0.492 

1.034 

V 

25 

°—  35  ° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

o. 

1032 

0.0835 

O 

-0385 

0.0633 

50 

O. 

IO5I 

0.0850 

o 

.O4II 

0.0688 

IOO 

0. 

1075 

0.0856 

o 

0427 

0.0707 

2OO 

O. 

1080 

0.0862 

o 

0456 

0.0754 

4OO 

O. 

1069 

0.0847 

o 

0459 

0.0753 

800 

0. 

1092 

0.0829 

o 

.0482 

0.0768 

1600 

0. 

1  102 

o  .  0803 

0 

.0542 

0.0830 

Table  XIX — Molecular  Conductivity    of  Ammonium  Nitrate  in 

Glycerol  at  25°,  55°,  45° 

V                             t*v25°  iiv3S°  ^,45° 

10                 0.345  0.696  1.272 

50                          0.-379  0.778  1.440 

loo       0.392  0.805  1.488 

200       o . 407  o . 840  i .  547 

400       0.417  0.869  1-594 

800       0.396  0.825  1-579 

1600       0.437  0.917  1.651 


iS 


Table  XX — Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.  1020 

0.0832 

0.0351 

0.0576 

50 

0.1053 

0.0851 

0.0399 

0.0662 

100 

o.  1058 

0.0850 

0.0413 

0.0683 

200 

o.  1063 

o  .  0844 

0-0433 

0.0707 

400 

o.  1084 

0.0835 

0.0452 

0.0725 

800 

o.  1084 

O.O9I4 

0.0429 

0.0754 

1600 

0.1095 

0.0802 

o  .  0480 

0.0734 

Table   XXI — Molecular   Conductivity    of  Barium   Chloride   in 


Glycerol  at  25°, 

35°,  45° 

V 

fjL-v  25° 

Aty  35°                             j 

u*45° 

10 

0.315 

0.664 

.221 

50 

0.432 

0.915 

•695 

100 

0.464 

0.978 

.803 

200 

0.502 

I  .  056 

•951 

400 

0.520 

I  .  101 

•994 

800 

0.561 

I.I97                      2 

[.230 

I6OO 

0.565 

1.332              a 

.368 

Table  XXII — Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

o.  1108 

0.0839 

0-0349 

0-0557 

50 

O.III5 

0.0853 

0.0483 

0.0780 

100 

o.  1108 

o  .  0844 

0.0514 

0.0825 

200 

0.1103 

0.0852 

0-0554 

0.0895 

400 

o.  1116 

o  .  081  i 

0.0581 

0.0893 

800 

0.1134 

0.0863 

0.0636 

0.1033 

I6OO 

0.1358 

0.0778 

0.0767 

o.  1036 

Table  XXIII — Molecular  Conductivity    of  Barium  Bromide  in 
Glycerol  at  25°,  35° ,  45° 

V  nv25°  ^35° 

10  0.330  0.696 

50  0.396  0.832 

ioo  0.426  0.900 


2OO 

400 

800 

I6OO 


,uv25° 

0-330 
0.396 
0.426 

0-443 
0.474 
0.520 
0-530 


0.938 

I  .001 

1.127 
1-157 


I-3M- 
1-566 
1.698 

1-774 
1.896 

2.  115 
2.200 


19 
Table  XXIV — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25 

°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35  °-45  ° 

10 

0. 

1109 

0.0888 

0.0366 

0.0618 

50 

0. 

iioi 

0.0882 

o  .  0436 

0.0734 

I  GO 

O. 

III2 

0.0887 

0.0474 

0.0798 

200 

0. 

1117 

0.0894 

0.0495 

0.0836 

400 

0. 

III2 

0.0894 

0.0527 

0.0895 

800 

0. 

1148 

0.0876 

o  .  0607 

0.0988 

I6OO 

O. 

1180 

o  .  0900 

0.0627 

o.  1043 

Table   XXV — Molecular   Conductivity     of   Barium   Nitrate   in 
Glycerol  at  25°,  55°,  45° 

V  fiv  25°  fiv  35  °  tiv  45  ° 

10  0.246  0.517  0.959 

50  0.347  0.738  .367 

ioo  0.368  0.792  .479 

200  0.401  0.871  .634 

400  0.414  0.904  .719 

800  0.456  0.988  .871 

1600  0.462  0.991  1-897 

Table  XXVI — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-t5° 

25°-35° 

35  °-45  ° 

10 

0.  IIOI 

0.0854 

0.0271 

o  .  0442 

50 

o.  1126 

0.0852 

O.O39I 

0.0629 

IOO 

O.II52 

0.0867 

0.0424 

0.0687 

2OO 

o.  1170 

0.0876 

o  .  0470 

0.0763 

400 

o.  1168 

O.O9OI 

o  .  0490 

O.O8I5 

800 

o.  1166 

0.0893 

0.0532 

0.0883 

I6OO 

0.1145 

0.0914 

0.0529 

o  .  0906 

Table  XXVII — Molecular  Conductivity  o)  Calcium  Bromide  in 

Glycerol  at  25°,  55°,  45° 

V                             ?*V250  ftv35°  ^  45° 

10                  0.245  0.519  0.972 

50                          0.324  0.687  1.298 

ioo       0.340  0.729  1-374 

200       0.373  0.803  I-5H 

400       0.386  0.833  1.556 

800       0.395  0.882  1.721 

1600       0.408  0.909  1-743 


20 


Table  XXVIII— Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


V 
10 

50 

IOO 
200 
400 
800 
1600 


25°-35° 
O.  IIl8 
O.  1120 

o. 1144 

O.II52 
O.II57 
0.1233 
O. 1226 


35°-45° 
0.0873 
0.0888 
0.0883 
0.0886 


0.0951 
0.0918 


Cond. 

units 

25°-35° 

35  °-45  3 

0.0274 
0.0363 
0.0389 

0.0453 
0  .  06  I  I 

o  .  0645 

o  .  0430 

0.07II 

0.0447 
0.0487 
0.0501 

0.0723 
0.0839 
0.0834 

<0    35°,  45° 


Table  XXIX — Molecular    Conductivity  of  Strontium   Bromide 

in  Glycerol  at  2$( 
v 
10 
50 


45 


100 
20O 
400 
800 
1600 


0.264 
0.340 

0.365 
0.388 
0.391 
0.409 
0.428 


0.556 
0.717 
0.776 
0.831 
0.876 

0.886 
0.924 


•054 
.362 


.468 
.581 

•659 
.681 

•758 


Table  XXX— Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0. 

1106 

0.0895 

0.0292 

o  .  0498 

50 

O. 

1108 

0.0899 

0.0377 

0.0645 

IOO 

0. 

1126 

0.0892 

O.O4II 

0.0692 

200 

0. 

H33 

0.0903 

0.0443 

0.0750 

4OO 

O. 

1189 

0.0893 

0.0485 

0.0783 

800 

0. 

1166 

0.0895 

0.0477 

0-0795 

I6OO 

O. 

1162 

o  .  0902 

o  .  0496 

0.0834 

Table   XXXI — Molecular    Conductivit 


in  Glycerol  at  25° 

V  M;25° 

10  0.235 

50  0.323 

loo  0.349 

2OO  0.392 

400  0.401 

800  0.4II 

I6OO  0.449 


55 


of 

,  45 


Strontium   Nitrate 

o 


0-501 
0.687 

0.744 
0.833 
0.872 
0.891 

0-945 


0-934 
.292 

•394 
•563 
.686 
.671 
•759 


21 


Table  XXXII— Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

o.  1127 

o  .  0864 

0.0266 

0-0433 

50 

0.  II2I 

0.0885 

0.0364 

o  .  0605 

100 

O.II3I 

0.0871 

0-0395 

0.0650 

200 

0.  II2I 

0.0876 

0.0441 

0.0730 

400 

O.H73 

0.0933 

0.0471 

0.0814 

800 

o  .  i  i  70 

0.0874 

o  .  0480 

0.0780 

1600 

0.  I  102 

0.086  I 

o  .  0496 

0.0814 

Table  XXXIII  —  Molecular  Conductivity  of   Cobalt  Chloride  in 


Glycerol  at  25°,  35°,  45  01 


V 
10 

50 

100 
2OO 

400 

8oo 

1600 


0.270 
0.369 
0.391 
0-455 
0-473 
0-497 
0.519 


0.546 
0.744 
0.784 
0.911 

0-959 
1.005 
i  .040 


.003 

•373 
•450 
.691 

•779 
-856 
.920 


Table  XXXIV— Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35  °-45  ° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.1023 

0.0836 

0.0276 

0.0457 

50 

O.IOI5 

o  .  0846 

0.0375 

0.0629 

100 

o.  1004 

0.0849 

0.0393 

o  .  0666 

200 

o.  1004 

0.0857 

0.0456 

0.0780 

400 

o.  1027 

0.0855 

o  .  0486 

0.0820 

800 

0.  1022 

0.0847 

O.O5O8 

0.0851 

1600 

0.  1002 

0.0846 

0.0521 

o  .  0880 

Table  XXXV  —  Molecular  Conductivity   of    Cobalt    Bromide  in 


v 

10 

50 

100 

2OO 

400 

800 

I6OO 

1  Schmidt. 


Glycerol  at  25°,  55°,  45° 


fiv25° 

0.364 

0.460 

0.468 

0.514 

0-533 
0-552 
0.564 


A*,  35° 

0-744 
0.932 

0-953 
1.045 
i  .076 
1.103 
i  .091 


/^45° 

•370 
.702 

•743 
.911 

.967 
2.031 

2.005 


22 


Table  XXXVI — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.1043 

0.0841 

0.0380 

0.0626 

50 

o.  1026 

O.O826 

0.0472 

O.O77O 

100 

o.  1036 

0.0829 

0.0485 

0.0790 

200 

0.1032 

0.0827 

0.0531 

0.0866 

400 

O.  IO2I 

0.0827 

0-0543 

0.0891 

800 

0.0998 

0.0841 

0.0551 

0.0928 

1600 

0.0934 

0.0837 

0.0527 

0.0914 

Table  XXXVII  —  Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride 
in  Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75° 


V  »V55° 

10                  2.391  3.755  5.601 

50                 2.601  4-I24  6.176 

100                 2.707  4-252  6.300 

200                 2.734  4-341  6.489 

400                 2.738  4-470  6.691 

800                 2.817  4.562  6.862 

1600                 2.940  4-693  6.891 

Table  XXXVIII—  Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

55 

°-65° 

65  °-75  ° 

IO 

0.0570 

0.0491 

0. 

1364 

o.  1846 

50 

0.0586 

0.0497 

O. 

1523 

0.2052 

100 

0.0571 

0.0482 

0. 

1545 

o  .  2048 

200 

0.0588 

o  .  0496 

O. 

1607 

0.2148 

4OO 

0.0632 

0.0499 

0. 

1732 

0.2221 

800 

0.0623 

o  .  0504 

O. 

1745 

0.2300 

1600 

0.0596 

o  .  0470 

0. 

1753 

0.2198 

Table  XXXIX — Molecular  Conductivity   of  Potassium  Bromide 
in  Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75° 

V                            /it;  55°                             nv  65°  fiv  75° 

10                 2.293                 3-6i9  5-332 

50                           2.453                          3-906  4.786 

100       2.557       4.062  6.080 

200           2.6o6          4-122  6.154 

400       2^680       4-275  6.317 

800       2.705       4.286  6.408 

1600       2.770       4.400  6.897 


23 


Table  XL — Temperature 

Per  cent. 
V  55°-65°  65°-75°  ' 

10         0.0576          0.0473 

50  0.0592  0.0481 

loo         0.0587          0.0496 

2OO     O.O572      0.0493 
400     0.0594      0.0477 

800         o . 0584          o . 0496 

1600  0.0588  0.0568 


2  Coefficients 

Cond.  units 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

0.1326 
0-1453 
0.1505 
O.I5I6 

O.I7I3 

0.1880 
0.2018 
0.2032 

0-1595 
O.I58I 

o.  1630 

o  .  2042 

O.2I22 
0.2497 

Table  XLI  —  Molecular    Conductivity    of 

Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  7 

v 

fi-v55° 

M,65° 

10 

2.006 

3-153 

50 

2.203 

3-500 

IOO 

2.299 

3.656 

200 

2.325 

3.683 

400 

2-397 

3-7I5 

800 

2.438 

3.760 

1600 

2-493 

3-965 

Sodium  Bromide  in 


4-763 
5.262 

5-504 

5.566 

5-753 
5.864 

5-938 


Table  XLII  —  Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

10 

0.0570 

0.0510 

O.II47 

o.  1610 

50 

0.0588 

0.0503 

0.1297 

o.  1762 

IOO 

0.0590 

0.0505 

0.1357 

0.1848 

2OO 

0.0584 

0.05II 

0.1358 

0.1883 

400 

0.0550 

0.0548 

O.I3I8 

0.2038 

800 

0.0542 

0-0559 

0.1322 

0.2104 

1600 

0.0590 

0.0497 

0.1472 

0.1973 

Table  XL1II — Molecular  Conductivity    of    Sodium  Iodide    in 


v 

10 

50 

IOO 
200 
400 
800 
1600 


Glycerol  at 

55°,  <*5°,  75 

An;  55° 

ltv6S° 

2.  101 

3-300 

2.246 

3-568 

2-347 

3-731 

2-377 

3-756 

2.441 

3-865 

2.410 

3-833 

2-591 

4.263 

A4,75° 
4.878 
5-407 
•590 
.604 
.822 

745 


6-415 


24 

Table  XLIV— Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

10 

0.0570 

0.0478 

o.  1199 

0.1578 

50 

0.0588 

0.0515 

0.1322 

0.1839 

100 

0.0589 

o  .  0498 

0.1384 

0.1859 

2OO 

0.0581 

0.0492 

0.1379 

0.1848 

400 

0.0584 

0.0506 

o.  1424 

0.1957 

800 

0.0591 

o  .  0498 

0.1423 

o.  1912 

I6OO 

o  .  0644 

o  .  0644 

o.  1672 

0.2152 

Table  XLV — Molecular   Conductivity   of    Ammonium   Chloride 
in  Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75° 

V  ,<v5S°  ,iv65°  MX,  75° 

10  2.785  4-3I3  6.285 

50  2.863  4-498  6.593 

ioo  3-109  4.821  7.033 

200  3-I44  4-789  7.018 

400  3-146  4-858  7.162 

800  3-252  5-051  7 -4°9 

1600  3.224  5.015  7-351 

Table  XLV  I— Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

55 

°-65° 

65 

—  75 

10 

0 

•0545 

0.0457 

0. 

1528 

O. 

1972 

50 

0 

-057I 

o  .  0466 

O. 

1635 

0. 

2095 

IOO 

O 

•0550 

0.0459 

0. 

1712 

0. 

2212 

200 

0 

•0523 

0.0465 

0. 

1645 

0. 

2229 

4OO 

O 

•0544 

o  .  0465 

o. 

1712 

0. 

2304 

800 

0 

•0553 

o  .  0466 

0. 

1799 

O. 

2358 

1600 

0 

•0557 

0.0465 

o. 

1791 

0. 

2336 

Table  XLV  1 1 — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Nitrate 

in  Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75° 

V                                ft-v  55°                              /^  65°  w  75° 

10                  2.558                 3.942  5.873 

50                            2.766                           4-250  6.310 

ioo       2.907       4-458  6.772 

200       2 . 947       4 . 580  6 . 844 

400       3-015       4.661  6.956 

800       3-103       4-754  7-107 

1600       3-194       4-923  8.372 


25 
Table  XLV 1 1 1— Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

55°-65°                  65°-75°                  55°-65° 

65°-75° 

10 

0.0541                0.0489                0.1384 

O.I93I 

50 

0.0536                0.0485                0.1484 

o  .  2060 

100 

0.0533                0.0519                O.I55I 

0.2314 

200 

0.0554                0.0494                0.1633 

0.2264 

400 

0.0545                0.0492                0.1646 

0.2295 

8oo 

O.O532                O.O494                0.1651 

0.2353 

1600 

0.0541                0.0497                0.1729 

0.2449 

Table    XL  IX  —  Molecular    Conductivity  of  Barium    Nitrate 

Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75° 

V 

W»55°                           /t»65° 

tiV75° 

10 

2.262                         3.565 

5-300 

50 

2.856                         4.480 

6.725 

100 

3  .  106                 4  .  906 

7-304 

200 

3.362                 5.269 

7-858 

400 

3-555                 5-629 

8-555 

800 

3-757                 5-987 

9.046 

1600 

3  .  942                 6  .  236 

9.466 

Table  L — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

55 

°—  65  ° 

65 

°—  75° 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

10 

O. 

0576 

o  .  0486 

0. 

1303 

0.1735 

50 

O. 

0569 

0. 

0499 

o. 

1624 

0.2245 

100 

0. 

0579 

0. 

0491 

0. 

1800 

0.2398 

200 

0.0567 

O. 

0491 

0. 

1907 

0.2589 

4OO 

O. 

0579 

O. 

0519 

0. 

2074 

0.2926 

800 

0. 

0593 

0. 

0511 

o. 

2230 

0.3059 

1600 

0. 

0581 

0. 

0517 

0. 

2294 

0.3230 

Table  LI  —  Molecular 

Conductivity 

of 

Strontium 

Chloride 

Glycerol  at  55°, 

65°,  75° 

V 

.  t  f 

<T>55° 

to 

65° 

ft 

v  75° 

10 

2 

•243 

3- 

576 

5 

-378 

50 

2 

•727 

4- 

312 

6 

•442 

100 

2 

.9OO 

4- 

610 

6 

.880 

200 

3 

.  IOI 

4- 

946 

7 

•423 

400 

3 

-314 

5- 

257 

7 

-855 

800 

3 

•389 

5- 

400 

8 

.078 

1600 

3 

-645 

5- 

750 

8 

.780 

n 


26 


Table  LII — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

55  °-65  ° 

65°-75° 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

10 

0.0594 

0.0503 

0.1333 

o.  1802 

50 

0.0581 

0.0493 

0.1585 

0.2130 

100 

0.0589 

o  .  0492 

o.  1710 

0.2270 

200 

0.0592 

0.0501 

0.1845 

0.2477 

400 

0.0587 

o  .  0494 

0.1943 

0.2598 

800 

0.0593 

0.0495 

O.2OII 

0.2678 

1600 

0.0577 

0.0527 

0.2105 

o  .  3030 

Table   LIH — Molecular   Conductivity    of     Cobalt    Chloride    in 
Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75° 


V 

M,55° 

^65° 

/*  75° 

10 

1.789 

2.778 

4.  102 

50 

2-373 

3.686 

5-447 

100 

2  .610 

4-074 

6.024 

200 

2.890 

4-5I3 

6.687 

400 

3.104 

4.864 

7.236 

800 

3.286 

5-I78 

7-750 

1600 

3-471 

5-503 

8.247 

Table  LIV — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

55  °-65  ° 

65°-75° 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

10 

0.0553 

0.0476 

o  0989 

0.1324 

50 

0.0553 

0.0477 

O.I3I3 

o.  1761 

100 

0.0560 

o  .  0478 

o.  1464 

0.1950 

2OO 

0.0561 

o  .  048  i 

o.  1623 

0.2174 

400 

O.0566 

0.0487 

o.  1760 

0.2372 

800 

0.0575 

o  .  0496 

0.1892 

0.2572 

1600 

0.0585 

0.0497 

0.2032 

0.2744 

Table    LV — Molecular    Conductivity    of     Cobalt    Bromide    in 
Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75° 

ft,  75° 


10 

2.340 

3.676 

5.462 

50 

2.905 

4.561 

6.841 

100 

2.952 

4.628 

6-954 

200 

3.229 

5.068 

7-584 

400 

3-338 

5  -242 

7-904 

800 

3  429 

5.420 

8-549 

1600 

3.400 

5-399 

8.  112 

Table  LVI — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

55°-65° 

65°-75° 

IO 

0.0571 

o  .  0485 

0.1336 

0.1786 

50 

0.0571 

o  .  0499 

o.  1656 

O.228O 

100 

0.0568 

o  .  0503 

o.  1676 

0.2326 

2OO 

0.0569 

o  .  0496 

0.1839 

0.2516 

400 

0.0572 

0.05II 

o  .  i  904 

0.2662 

800 

0.0582 

0.0596 

o.  1991 

0.3129 

1600 

0.0588 

o  .  0508 

0.1999 

0.2713 

Table  LVI  I — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride  in 
Glycerol  at  25°,  35°,  45° 

V  fiv25°  fiv35°  /<v45° 

10  0.385  0.772  1.413 

50  0.405  0.841  i.5J6 

ioo  0.412  0.844  i-538 

200  0.415  0.850  1-545 

400  0.439  0.852  1.571 

800  0.443  0.870  1-623 

1600  0.536  0.915  1.630 

Table  LVIII — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-45° 

10 

o  .  1006 

o  .  0830 

0.0387 

0.0641 

50 

o.  1074 

o  .  0804 

o  .  0436 

0.0675 

IOO 

o.  1049 

O.O822 

0.0432 

o  .  0694 

200 

o.  1047 

0.0818 

0-0435 

0.0695 

400 

o  .  0948 

0.0842 

0.0413 

0.0719 

800 

0.0962 

0.0865 

0.0427 

0.0753 

I6OO 

O.O7O7 

0.0781 

0.0379 

0.0715 

xure  o    75      er  cen.      ycero    w  ar  ° 

° 


Table   LfX  —  Molecular    Conductivity    of  Potassium    Chloride 

in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25 
35,  45 

V 

10                  5-33  8-29  IJ-92 

50                  5.78  9-00  13-04 

ioo                  5-86  9-08  13-09 

200  6.07  9  39  13  71 

400  6.38  9.89  14-47 

800  6.61  10.27  14.66 

1600  6.51  10.15  I4-92 


28 


Table  LX — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0-0554 

o  .  0438 

0.296 

0.363 

50 

0.0556 

O.O449 

0.322 

0.404 

100 

0.0549 

0.0441 

0.322 

O.4OI 

200 

0.0548 

o  .  0460 

0.332 

0.432 

400 

0.0550 

o  .  0463 

0.351 

0.458 

800 

0-0553 

0.0427 

0.366 

0-439 

1600 

0.0558 

o  .  0469 

0.364 

0-477 

Table   LXI — Molecular   Conductivity    of  Potassium    Chloride 

in  a  Mixture  of  50  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 
35°,  45° 

V                             fiv25°  fiv35°  (tv45° 

10                 23.55  31-59  40.28 

50                           25.17  33.89  43.84 

ioo       26.00  34-73  45-68 

200       26.30  35-17  45-73 

400       28.52  38.35  49-63 

800       29.21  39-28  50.37 

1600       30.57  41.12  52-33 


V 
10 

50 

100 
2OO 
400 
800 
1600 

Table  LXIH — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride 
in  a  Mixture  of  25  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 
35°,  45° 

V  {J.V25°  0,,  35°  w>45° 

10  59-8i  74-52  90.16 

50  65.00  81.89  98-63 

ioo  66.68  82.94  101.08 

200  68.13  85.34  103.36 

400  74-87  93 -°4  112.24 

800  77  85  96.30  116.68 

1600  78.99  98.98  121.32 


Table  LXII  —  Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent. 

Cond 

,  units 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

0.0341 

0.0275 

0.804 

0.869 

0-0345 

0.0294 

0.872 

0-995 

0.0336 

0.0316 

0-873 

1-095 

0.0338 

o  .  0300 

0.887 

1.056 

0.0344 

0.0294 

0.983 

I.I28 

0.0344 

0.0282 

I  .007 

I  .  IO9 

0-0345 

0.0273 

1-055 

I  .  121 

Table  LXIV — Temperature  .Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-4S° 

25°-35° 

35°-150 

10 

0:0246 

0.0212 

I.47I 

1.564 

50 

0.0258 

O.O2O4 

1.689 

I  .674 

100 

O.O244 

0.0216 

1.626 

I.8I4 

200 

0.0253 

0.02  I  I 

I.72I 

1.802 

400 

0.0243 

O.O2O6 

I.8I7 

I  .920 

800 

0.0238 

0.0213 

1-845 

2.038 

I6OO 

0.0253 

0.0226 

1.999 

2.234 

Table  LXV 


10 
50 

100 
200 
4OO 
800 
1600 


-Molecular  Conductivity    of    Potassium    Chloride 
in  Water  at  25°,  55°,  45° 

m,25°  0Z/350 


120-4 
129.7 
132.0 
135-3 
137-7 
I38.I 

H0.3 


143.0 
154-5 
158.5 

161.6 
165.4 
165-8 
169.3 


166.7 

181.2 

184.7 

189.3 
193-8 
194.8 
197.9 


Table  LXV  I— Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

IO 

0.0188 

0.0158 

2.26 

2-37 

50 

0.0192 

O.OI7I 

2.48 

2.67 

100 

O.O2OO 

0.0166 

2.65 

2.62 

2OO 

0.0195 

O.OI7I 

2.63 

2-77 

400 

0.0201 

O.OI7I 

2.77 

2.84 

800 

0.0201 

O.OI74 

2.77 

2.90 

I6OO 

O.O2O6 

0.0169 

2  .90 

2.86 

Table  LXV  II  —  Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride 
in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol  at 
25°,  35°,  45° 

V  M;25°  ^35° 

10  .21  2.05 

50  .31  2.25 

ioo         .35        2.34 

200  .41  2.43 

400  f          -53  2.63 

800  -54  2.67 

1600  -59  2.72 


3.26 
3.59 

3.69 

3-90 
4.22 

4.27 
4.32 


30 
Table  LXVIII — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25  °-35  ° 

35 

°-45° 

10 

0.0694 

o  .  0590 

0.084 

O 

121 

50 

0.0717 

0.0596 

0.094 

0 

134 

100 

0.0733 

0.0577 

0.099 

0 

135 

200 

0.0723 

o  .  0605 

0.  102 

O 

.147 

400 

0.0719 

o  .  0605 

0.  110 

0 

159 

8oo 

0.0733 

0.0599 

O.H3 

0. 

160 

1600 

0.0710 

0.0588 

O.II3 

o 

160 

Table  LXIX — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride 
in  a  Mixture  of  50  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol  at 
25°,  35°,  45° 

V                                ^25°                            M,35°  ^45° 

10                   3.07                   4.48  6.29 

50                    3-54                    5-2i  7-38 

ioo                   3.76                  5.63  7.86 

200                           4.09                           5.94  8.37 

400                  4.40                  6.56  9.27 

800                  4.52                  6.76  9.61 

1600                  4.62                  6.84  9.79 

Table  LXX — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°^5° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0459 

o  .  0404 

O.I4I 

O.lSl 

50 

o  .  047  i 

0.0420 

o.  167 

0.217 

IOO 

o  .  0500 

0.0396 

0.187 

0.223 

200 

0.0451 

o  .  0409 

0.185 

0.243 

400 

o  .  0490 

0.0413 

0.216 

0.271 

800 

0.0491 

o  .  042  i 

0.224 

0.285 

1600 

0.0481 

0.0431 

0.222 

0.295 

Table  LXXI — Molecular  Conductivity     o)  Potassium   Chloride 

in  a  Mixture  of  25  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol  at 
25°,  35°,  45° 

V                                M,25°  ^35°  ^,45° 

10                   7.26  9.31  11.94 

50                              8.31  10.78  I3.6I 

ioo        9.29  12.15  J5-39 

200        9.97  13.02  16.61 

400       11-32  I5-31  19-15 

800       11.88  15.68  20.28 

1600       12.37  16.31  21.06 


Table  LXXII  —  Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

O.O28I 

O.O282 

0.205 

0.263 

50 

0.0297 

0.0262 

0.247 

0.283 

100 

0.0308 

0.0267 

0.286 

0.324 

200 

o  .  0306 

0.0276 

0.305 

0-359 

400 

0.0352 

O.O25I 

0-399 

0.384 

800 

0.0320 

0.0293 

0.380 

0.460 

1600 

0.0319 

0.0281 

0-394 

0-475 

Table  LXXIII  —  Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride 
in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol 
at  25°,  j5°,  45° 

V  fiv25°  fiv35°  /t»450 


10 
50 

ioo 

200 

400 

800 

1600 


2.22 
2.41 

47 

58 

78 
83 


2.83 


3.58 
3.93 

4.07 

4-21 

4.52 
4  .  64 
4.62 


5-43 
5.91 

6.  i  i 

6.38 

6  .  88 
7.07 
6.99 


Table  LXXIV  —  Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°H150 

10 

0  .  06  1  2 

0.0517 

0.136 

0.185 

50 

0.0630 

0.0505 

0.152 

o.  198 

IOO 

o  .  0640 

o  .  0500 

o.  160 

0.204 

200 

0.0632 

0.0515 

0.163 

0.217 

4OO 

0.0625 

0.0522 

0.174 

0.236 

800 

0.0639 

0.0524 

0.181 

0.243 

1600 

0.0632 

0.0515 

0.179 

0.237 

Table  LXXV  —  Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride 
in  a  Mixture  of  50  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol 
at  25°,  j5°,  45° 


V 

10 

50 

ioo 

200 

400 

800 

1600 


8.10 
9.24 
9.59 

10.05 

11.04 
11.20 
11.38 


11.09 
12.75 
13.17 

13-77 

15-20 
15-34 
15-63 


I4-54 
l6-7i 

17-48 

18.22 

20.17 
20.41 
20.64 


32 
Table  LX XV I— Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0369 

0.03II 

0.299 

0-345 

50 

0.0378 

o  .  03  i  i 

0-351 

0.396 

IOO 

0.0374 

0.0326 

0.358 

0.431 

2OO 

0-0375 

0.0323 

0.372 

0-445 

400 

0.0376 

0.0324 

0.416 

0-497 

800 

0.0371 

0.0330 

0.414 

0.507 

1600 

0.0365 

0.0321 

0.425 

0.501 

Table  LXXVII — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride 

in  a  Mixture  of  25  Per   cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol 
at  25°,  35°,  45° 

V  w,  25°  ^35°  0045° 

10  21.76  26.55  31-11 

50  25.85  31.45  37-75 

loo  27.57  33-65  40-36 

200  28.72  35-34  42-30 

400  3J-oi  38-19  45 -51 

800  33-15  40-70  48-85 

1600  33-99  42-05  49-55 

Table  LXXV III— Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°^5° 

10 

0.0220 

0.0172 

0-479 

0.456 

50 

0.0218 

O  .  O2OO 

0.560 

0.630 

IOO 

0.0221 

0.0199 

0.608 

0.671 

2OO 

0.0230 

0.0197 

0.662 

0.696 

400 

0.0231 

0.0193 

0.718 

0.732 

800 

0.0227 

0.0200 

0-755 

0.815 

1600 

0.0237 

0.0179 

0.806 

0-750 

Table    LXXIX — Molecular  Conductivity    of    Sodium    Nitrat 

in  Glycerol  at  25°,  55°,  45° 

V  ftv  25°  fiv  35°  w45° 

10  0.303  0.617  1.129 

56  0.331  0.677  1.239 


loo  0.338  0.707 

200  0-355  0.735 

400  0.358  0.737 

800  0.372  0.766 

1600  0.386  0.796 


.284 

.362 
.378 

.412 

•544 


33 
Table  LXXX — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.1033 

0.0828 

0.0314 

0.0512 

50 

o  .  1046 

0.0830 

o  .  0346 

0.0562 

100 

o.  1096 

0.0816 

0.0369 

0.0577 

2OO 

o.  1070 

0.0853 

0.0380 

0.0627 

400 

0.1058 

0.0869 

0.0379 

0.0641 

800 

o.  1058 

o  .  0843 

0.0394 

o  .  0646 

I6OO 

o.  1062 

0.0939 

0.0410 

0.0748 

Table  LXXXI — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate 
in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 
35°,  45° 

10  4.88  7.46  10.80 

50  5-37  8.39  12.03 

100  5.45  8.44  12.33 

200  5.63  8.68  12.58 

400  6.09  9.35  13-65 

800  6.34  9.75  14.20 

1600  6.37  9-75  14-34 

Table  LXXXI  I— Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0529 

o  .  0448 

0.258 

0-334 

50 

0.0561 

0.0434 

0-302 

0.364 

IOO 

0.0549 

o  .  0460 

0.299 

0.389 

200 

0.0541 

0.0449 

0.305 

0.390 

400 

0.0534 

0.0459 

0.326 

0.430 

800 

0.0538 

0.0455 

0.341 

0-445 

1600 

0.0531 

o  .  047  i 

0.338 

0-459 

Table  LXXXI  1 1 — Molecular  Conductivity  of    Sodium   Nitrate 

in  a  Mixture  of  50  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 
35°,  45° 

V                                W25°  M,35°  /Z7>45° 

10                 18.87  25.41  33-03 

50                         20.60  27.84  36.08 

ioo                 21.26  28.79  37-35 

200                 21.46  29.34  37-98 

400                 21.69  29.63  38-42 

800                 23.73  31-74  42-17 

1600                 24.53  32-57  43-69 


34 


Table  LX XX IV— Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

o  .  0348 

0.0298 

0.654 

0.762 

50 

0.0350 

0.0298 

0.724 

0.824 

IOO 

0.0352 

0.0297 

0.753 

0.856 

200 

0.0367 

0.0295 

0.788 

0.864 

4OO 

0.0365 

0.0294 

0.794 

0.879 

800 

0.0338 

0.0329 

O.SOI 

1.043 

1600 

0.0329 

0.0341 

0.804 

I  .  112 

Table  LXXXV — Molecular  Conductivity    of    Sodium    Nitrate 
in  a  Mixture  of  25  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at   25°, 


35°,  45' 
v 

10 

50 

IOO 
200 
400 
800 
1600 


48.19 
52.17 
53-65 

54-47 
55-25 
60.09 
62.03 


60.40 
64.90 
68.25 
69.18 
69.74 

75-35 
77-90 


AT  45° 

73-81 

80.77 

82-75 

84.41 

86.03 

93-20 

96.30 


Table  LXXXV  I — Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-350                  35°-45°                  25°-35° 

35e-45° 

10 

0.0253               0.0222               I.  221 

I-34I 

50 

0.0244               0.0244               1-273 

.587 

IOO 

O.O272               0.0213               1.460 

•450 

2OO 

0.0267               0.0221                L47I 

•523 

400 

0.0264               0.0233               L449 

.629 

800 

0.0254               0.0236               1.526 

.785 

I6OO 

0.0254               0.0235               1.587 

.840 

Table    LXXXV  1  1—  Molecular    Conductivity  of 

Sodium  Nitrate 

in   Water  at  25°,  35°,  45° 

V 

t*o  25°                         ^35° 

/*«• 

10 

94-7                 II3-4 

133-2 

50 

103.8                 125.0 

147-5 

IOO 

104.7                 127.0 

149-5 

200 

107.8                 130.5 

153-2 

400 

II3-7                 135-3 

159-6 

800 

113.0                 135.8 

160.  i 

I6OO 

116.0                 142.6 

169.7 

35 


Table  LX XXV Til— Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


V 
10 

50 

IOO 
2OO 
400 
800 
I6OO 


25°-35° 
0.0198 
0204 
0212 
O2 1 1 
0190 
0201 
0230 


35°-45° 

0.0175 

0.0180 

O.OI76 

0.0174 

0.0179 

0.0179 

O.OI9O 


Cond. 

units 

25°-35°            35°-*5° 

I 

.87 

I  . 

98 

2 

.  12 

2. 

25 

2 

•23 

2. 

25 

2 

.27 

2  . 

27 

2 

.16 

2  . 

43 

2 

.28 

2. 

43 

2 

66 

2. 

7i 

Table  LXX XIX— Molecular  Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate 
in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  A  Icohol 
at  25°,  35°,  45° 

V  ^25° 

10  1.02 

50  .17 

IOO  .  2O 

2OO  .  26 

400  . 38 

800  . 39 

1600  .39 


Table  XC— Temperature 

Per  cent. 


V 

10 

50 

IOO 

2OO 

400 

800 

1600 


25°-35° 
0.0736 
0.0701 
0.0742 
0.0739 
0.0721 

o . 0746 

0.0742 


35°-45° 
0.0576 

o . 0605 

0.0576 

o . 0602 
0.0582 

0.0579 

o . 0600 


A^35° 

^45° 

1.77 

2.79 

1.99 

3-20 

2.O9 

3-30 

2.19 

3.51 

2-37 

3-75 

2-43 

3-84 

2  .42 

3-87 

ire  Coefficients 

Cond.  units 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

0.075 

O.IO2 

0.082 

O.I2I 

0.089 

O.  121 

0.093 

0.132 

O.O99 

0.138 

o.  104 

o.  141 

0.103 

0.145 

Table  XCI — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate  in 
a  Mixture  of  50  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol  at 
25°,  35°,  45° 

V  M,25° 


10 

50 

IOO 
2OO 
400 
800 
1600 


3-08 
3.68 

3.89 
4.04 
4-52 
4-70 
4.80 


Hv  35° 

4-49 
5-4i 
5-74 
6.00 
6.67 
6-95 
7-14 


6.20 

7.58 

8.07 

8.44 

9-49 

9.78 

10. 18 


36 
Table  XCII — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-i50 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0457 

0.0381 

o.  141 

o.  171 

50 

o  .  0470 

o  .  0400 

0.173 

0.217 

100 

0.0475 

o  .  0406 

0.185 

0-233 

200 

0.0478 

o  .  0406 

o.  196 

0.244 

400 

0.0475 

O.O422 

0.215 

O.282 

800 

0.0478 

0.0393 

0.225 

0.273 

I6OO 

0.0487 

0.0426 

0.234 

0.304 

Table  XCIII — Molecular  Conductivity    of  Sodium  Nitrate    in 

a  Mixture  of  25  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol  at 
25°,  35°,  45°   " 

V                                 A*  25°  /iz,  35°  AH,  45° 

10                    7.36  9.45  11.74 

50                   9-75  12.56  15.65 

ioo                  10.57  13.65  17.33 

200           II-50  I4-85  18.87 

400       12.89  16.85  2I-34 

800       13-74  !7-7i  22.38 

1600                  14.00  18.36  22.72 

Table  XCIV — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0284 

0.0243 

0.209 

0.229 

50 

0.0288 

0.0246 

0.281 

0.309 

IOO 

0.0292 

O.O269 

0.308 

0.368 

200 

0.0290 

0.0270 

0-335 

0.402 

400 

0.0305 

0.0268 

0.396 

0-449 

800 

0.0288 

O.O26l 

0-397 

0.467 

1600 

0.0305 

o  .  0244 

0.436 

0.436 

Table  XCV — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate  in 
a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol  at 
25°,  35°,  45° 

V                                 M,25°                             M,35°  M,45° 

10        1.86        2.99  4.54 

50             2.07             3.42  5.31 

ioo        2.17        3.58  5-43 

200            2.24            3-64  5.62 

400        2.41        3-99  6-02 

800        2.53        4.08  6.24 

1600        2.49        4-J3  6.26 


37 
Table  XCVI — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35 

°-45° 

25 

°-35° 

35 

°-45° 

10 

0 

.0603 

O. 

0519 

0. 

H3 

0 

•155 

50 

0 

.0652 

O. 

0552 

0. 

135 

O 

.189 

100 

o 

.0650 

0. 

0521 

0. 

HI 

O 

.185 

200 

0 

.0714 

0. 

0544 

0. 

1  60 

O 

.  198 

400 

0 

.0654 

0. 

0510 

O. 

158 

0 

.203 

800 

o 

.0613 

O. 

0532 

0. 

155 

0 

.216 

1600 

o 

.0658 

0. 

0515 

0. 

164 

o 

.213 

Table    XCVI  I — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate  in   a 

Mixture  of  50  Per    cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol  at 
25°,  35°,  45° 

V                                 fiv25°  M>35°                             MIS0 

10                              7-35  10.02                          I3-25 

50                    8.68  11.88                  15.69 

ioo                   9.09  12.53                 16.47 

200                    9.59  13-22                  17-53 

400                 10.44  14.46                19.06 

800                  10.75  14.87                  19-57 

1600                  10.80  15.08                  19-57 

Table  XCVI II — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0363 

0.0315 

0.267 

0.323 

50 

0.0368 

O.O32O 

0.320 

0.381 

IOO 

0.0377 

0.0314 

0-344 

0-394 

200 

0.0378 

0.0304 

0.363 

0.431 

4OO 

0.0385 

O.O3I8 

0.402 

0.460 

800 

0.0383 

0.0316 

0.412 

0.470 

1600 

0.0390 

0.0293 

0.428 

0.449 

Table  XCIX — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate  in  a 

Mixture  of  25  Per    cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol  at 
25°,  35°,  45° 

V  tiv25°  AT,  35°  w  45° 

10  20.77  25.22  30.59 

50  25.71  31.35  37.47 

ioo  27.59  33-8i  40-31 

200  28.8l  35.27  42.19 

400  30.06  36.88  44-45 

800  33-n  40.42  48.20 

1600  34.00  41.82  49.76 


Table  C  —  Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.                                        Cond.  units 

V 

25°-35°                   35°-45°                25°-35° 

35°-45  ° 

10 

0.0214               0.0210               0-445 

0-537 

50 

0.0223                0.0198                0.564 

0.612 

100 

0.0224               0.0198                0.622 

0.650 

2OO 

O.O22O               0.0196               0.646 

0.692 

4OO 

0.0225               0.0205               0.682 

0-757 

800 

0.0218           0.0192           0.731 

0.778 

1600 

0.0230               O.OI9I               0.782 

0.796 

Table  CI  —  Molecular  Conductivity    of  Ammonium 

Bromide  in 

Glycerol  at  25°,  35°,  45° 

V 

^25°                            i*v3S° 

HV  45° 

10 

0-373                 0.758 

I-39I 

50 

0.391                 0.802 

1.490 

IOO 

0.397                 0.824 

I-53I 

200 

0.422                 0.878 

1.632 

4OO 

o  .  430                o  .  889 

I  .642 

800 

o  .  444                 o  .  926 

1.694 

I6OO 

0.492                 1-034 

1.864 

Table  CII — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-t5° 

10 

0.1032 

0.0838 

0.0385 

0.0633 

50 

O.I05I 

0.0850 

0.04II 

0.0688 

100 

0.1075 

0.0850 

0.0427 

O.O7O7 

200 

0.1080 

0.0862 

0.0456 

0.0754 

400 

0.1069 

0.0847 

0.0459 

0-0753 

800 

0.1085 

0.0829 

0.0482 

0.0768 

1600 

0.1106 

o  .  0802 

0.0542 

0.0830 

Table  CHI — Molecular  Conductivity     of  Ammonium   Bromide 

in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 
35°,  45° 

V                               HV2S°  fiv35°                           M,45° 

10       5-53  8.48       12.28 

50            5.91  9-14          I3-26 

ioo       5.97  9.25       13.30 

200            6.17  9-54          I3-83 

400            6.62  10.28           I4-87 

800            6.95  I0.8I           15-45 

1600            7.29  11.20          15-88 


39 

Table  CIV — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0536 

o  .  0448 

0.295 

0.380 

50 

o  .  0546 

o  .  0450 

0.323 

O.4I2 

100 

0.0548 

0.0429 

0.328 

0.405 

200 

0.0546 

o  .  0446 

0-337 

0.429 

4OO 

0.0553 

o  .  0446 

0.366 

0-459 

800 

^•0555 

0.0429 

0.386 

0.464 

1600 

0.0538 

0.0420 

0.391 

0.468 

Table  CV — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Bromide  in 

a  Mixture  of  50  Per    cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 
35°,  45° 

V                              ^25°  ^35°                          >i/45° 

10                 24.31  32.58                42.06 

50                 25.74  34-54                 44-59 

100                 26.62  35-6i                 45-65 

200                 27.01  36.12                 46.44 

400                 27.86  37.32                 47.87 

800                 30.20  40-54                 52-33 

1600                 32-58  43-oo                 54-79 

Table  CVI — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-3S° 

3S°-45° 

10 

o  .  0340 

0.0291 

0.827 

0.948 

50 

0.0341 

O.O290 

0.880 

1.005 

IOO 

o  .  0340 

0.0282 

0.899 

I  .OO4 

200 

0-0334 

0.0285 

0.9II 

1.032 

400 

0.0339 

0.0278 

0.946 

1-055 

800 

0.0342 

0.0288 

1.034 

I.I79 

1600 

0.0325 

0.0275 

I  .042 

I.I79 

Table  CVI  I — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Bromide  in 

a  Mixture  of  25  Per  cent.   Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 
35°,  45° 

V                          ^,25°  ^35°  /H»45e 

10   :,.j  61.45  76.93  92.72 

50   -;•<•;-,  66.55  83.43  101.38 

loo   '>  -\  67 .68  84 . 90  103 . 56 

200    yjjjS    69.32  86.80  104.52 

400     ,:  :-    70.69  88.08  106.74 

800   'y  -:J   71.29  89.82  108.68 

1600  o*  71-34  89.58  107.96 


Table  CVIII — Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35°              2 

5°-45° 

10 

O.O249 

0.0205 

1.548 

•579 

50 

0.0254 

0.0215 

1.688 

•795 

IOO 

0.0255 

0.0218 

i  .  722 

.866 

2OO 

0.0251 

0.0204 

1.748 

.772 

400 

0.0245 

O.O2I2 

1-739 

.866 

800 

0.0258 

0.0209 

1.853 

.886 

I6OO 

0.0255 

0.0205 

i  .824 

.838 

Table  CIX — Molecular   Conductivity    of    Ammonium    Bromide 


in  Water  at  25°,  35°,  45° 


v 

10 

50 

IOO 
200 
400 
800 
1600 


122.7 
I3L4 
133-5 
135-3 
138.2 
142.0 
147.2 


H-v  35° 
148.6 
158.2 

159-4 
163.8 
166.6 
170.7 
172.9 


173.2 
185.8 
I87.I 
191  .  I 
195-7 
199-3 
205.6 


Table  CX — Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25 

°-35° 

35 

°—  45  ° 

25 

°-35° 

35° 

^5° 

10 

0. 

0212 

O. 

0165 

2 

•59 

2 

.46 

50 

0. 

O2O2 

0. 

0174 

2 

.68 

2 

,76 

IOO 

0. 

0199 

O. 

0174 

2 

•59 

2 

•77 

200 

0. 

02  1  1 

0. 

0168 

2 

-85 

2, 

73 

400 

0. 

0205 

O. 

0170 

2 

.84 

2 

91 

800 

0. 

0202 

0. 

0171 

2 

.87 

2, 

86 

1600 

O. 

Ol8o 

0. 

0183 

2 

•57 

3 

27 

Table  CXI — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Bromide 
in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  -with  Ethyl  Alcohol 
at  25°,  35°,  45° 


10 
50 

IOO 
200 

400 

800 

1600 


•32 
.48 
•50 
.61 

55 
65 
67 


25 
55 
59 

77 
2.62 

2-85 
2.82 


3-55 

3-97 

.11 


23 
46 

50 


Table  CXII — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25 

°-35° 

35 

°-45° 

10 

o  .  0704 

0.0577 

0. 

093 

0 

.130 

50 

0.0689 

0.0558 

0. 

102 

0 

.142 

100 

0.0703 

0.0582 

O. 

IO9 

0 

•152 

2OO 

0.0721 

o  .  0560 

O. 

116 

0 

•154 

4OO 

0.0699 

0.0610 

0. 

107 

0 

.161 

800 

0.0721 

0.0568 

0. 

120 

O 

.161 

1600 

0.0699 

0.0591 

O. 

H5 

0 

.168 

Table  CXII  I — Molecular  Conductivity  of   Ammonium  Bromide 
in  a  Mixture  of  50  Per   cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol  at 


25°,  35°,  45° 


V 

/'- 

;  25° 

Pv  35°                           pu 

45° 

10 

3 

.69 

5 

•43 

7 

•59 

50 

4 

•30 

6 

.28 

8 

•77 

100 

4 

•45 

6 

.76 

9 

.22 

200 

4 

.68 

6 

,90 

9 

.72 

400 

4 

.72 

7, 

.06 

9 

.88 

8oo 

5 

.02 

7< 

.48 

10 

•45 

1600 

5 

.  10 

7< 

59 

10 

•5i 

Table  CXIV  —  Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent. 

Cond. 

units 

V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25 

°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0 

.0472 

0 

•0397 

0. 

174 

O 

.216 

50 

O 

.0462 

0.0396 

0. 

198 

0 

•249 

IOO 

O 

.0516 

0 

.0369 

O. 

231 

0 

.246 

200 

0 

•0475 

0 

.0401 

O. 

222 

0 

.282 

400 

0 

•0495 

0 

•0399 

0. 

234 

o 

.282 

800 

0 

.0490 

o 

•  0393 

0. 

246 

O 

.297 

6OO 

0 

.0489 

0 

.0389 

o. 

249 

0 

.292 

Table   CXV — Molecular  Conductivity  of    Ammonium    Bromide 

in  a  Mixture  of  25  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol 
at  25°,  j5°,  45° 

V                                /ty25°  fi-v  35°                           Pv*5° 

10        8.51  10.85       13-39 

50       10.54  13-94       *7-37 

100       n-45  14.81       18.59 

200       12.50  16.23       20.41 

400       12.94  16.87       21.23 

800       13.92  18.12       23.07 

1600       14.38  18.91       24.05 


42 
Table  CXVI — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-t5° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0263 

0.0237 

0.234 

0.254 

50 

0.0322 

0.0247 

0.340 

0-343 

100 

0.0292 

0.0255 

0.336 

0.378 

2OO 

0.0298 

0.0259 

0-373 

0.418 

400 

o  .  0303 

0.0258 

0-393 

0.436 

800 

o  .  0302 

0.0273 

0.420 

0-495 

I6OO 

0.0314 

0.0271 

0-453 

0.514 

Table^CXVII — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Bromide 
in  Ethyl  Alcohol  at  25°,  J5°,  45° 

V  nv25°  n>  35°  A*  45° 

10         16.7        19.3        21.6 

50  23.8  27.3  30.9 

ioo        26.9        31.1        35.5 

200  29.8  34.7  39.8 

400  34.5  40.0  47-2 

800  37.6  44.2  51.0 

1600  39.6  46.4  54.5 

Table  C XV III — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

250-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0156 

O.OII9 

0.260 

0.230 

50 

O.OI49 

0.0130 

0-350 

0.360 

IOO 

0.0157 

0.0137 

0.420 

0.440 

2OO 

0.0165 

0.0144 

0.490 

0.510 

400 

0.0160 

0.0180 

0-550 

0.720 

800 

0.0179 

0.0154 

O.66O 

0.680 

1600 

0.0178 

0.0173 

0.680 

0.810 

Table  CXIX — Molecular  Conductivity  of    Ammonium  Bromide 

in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol 
at  25°,  J5°,  45° 

V                                HV25°  to  35"                            w/45° 

10        2.50  4.00        6.04 

50            2.70  4.42            6-91 

ioo        2.87  4.60       6.91 

200            2.94  4.79            7-23 

400            2.94  4.80            7.23 

800        3.05  5-oi        7-53 

1600        3.06  4-99        7-62 


43 
Table  CXX — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25 

°-35° 

35°-45° 

25 

°-35° 

35 

°-45° 

IO 

0. 

0600 

O.O5IO 

0. 

150 

O. 

2O4 

50 

0. 

0636 

0.0563 

0. 

172 

O. 

249 

100 

o. 

0637 

0.0502 

O. 

173 

0. 

231 

2  GO 

o. 

0629 

0.05II 

O. 

185 

0. 

244 

400 

0. 

0633 

0.0501 

0. 

186 

0. 

243 

800 

0. 

0642 

o  .  0499 

0. 

196 

O. 

252 

1000 

o. 

0631 

0.0520 

0. 

193 

0. 

263 

Table  CXXI — Molecular  Conductivity  of   Ammonium  Bromide 

in  a  Mixture  of  50  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol 
<>t  25°,  35°,  45° 

V                                HT,  25  °  po  35  °                           /4,  45  ° 

10                    9.66  13-03                  16.86 

50       10.99  14.78       19.33 

100       11.33  15-44       21.13 

200       n-74  16.06       21.03 

400       11.99  16.43       21.59 

8OO           12.22  I7.OO          22.3O 

1600                  12.63  !7-48                 22.90 
Table  CXXII — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-^5° 

25°-35° 

35°~*5° 

10 

o  .  0348 

0.0293 

0-337 

0.383 

50 

0-0345 

o  .  0308 

0-379 

0-455 

100 

0.0362 

0.0368 

0.411 

0.569 

200 

0.0368 

o  .  0308 

0.432 

0-497 

4OO 

0.0372 

0.0314 

0-444 

0.516 

800 

0.0398 

0.0311 

0.478 

0.530 

1600 

0.0383 

0.0310 

0.485 

0.542 

Table  CXXI II — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Bromide 

in  a  Mixture  of  25  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol 
at  25°,  35°,  45° 

V                                 /<!,  25°  M,35°  M;45° 

10                    26.0  31.4  37-3 

50                    30-1  36-5  43-9 

100                    32.4  39.4  47.0 

200                   33.7  41.1  49-7 

400                   34.9  42.5  51.1 

800                   36.4  44.3  53-i 

1600           .        37.6  46.0  55. i 


44 
Table  CXXIV — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35  °-45  ° 

10 

o  .  0204 

O.OlSy 

0.540 

0.590 

50 

O.O2I4 

O.02O2 

0.640 

0.740 

100 

0.0213 

0.0194 

0.700 

0.760 

2OO 

0.0218 

O.O2O9 

0.740 

0.860 

400 

0.0217 

0.0202 

0.760 

0.860 

800 

0.0218 

0.0198 

0.790 

0.880 

I6OO 

O.O22O 

0.0193 

0.840 

0.910 

Table  CXXV — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Bromide 
in  Methyl  Alcohol  at  25°,  55°,  45° 

V  /*»25°  W35°  /*i>45° 

10  59.1  65.4  73.0 

50  74.2  82.9  91.7 

ioo  79-5  90.3  99-5 

200  83.3  94.1  105.7 

400  89.3  98.5  111.5 

800  90.9  102.2  1 17  .3 

1600  93.4  105.0  118.3 

Table  CXXV  I — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0107 

0.0116 

0.630 

0.760 

50 

0.0116 

0.0106 

0.870 

0.880 

IOO 

0.0136 

O.OIO2 

I  .080 

0.920 

200 

0.0130 

0.0123 

I  .080 

i  .  160 

400 

0.0103 

0.0132 

0.920 

1.300 

800 

0.0125 

0.0148 

I.I30 

1.510 

I6OO 

0.0124 

0.0126 

i  .  160 

1-330 

Table  CXXV II — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Strontium  Chloride 

in  Glycerol  at  25°,  35°,  45° 

V  n,2S°  0»35°  w,45° 

10  0.322  0.664  1.252 

50  0.403  0.840  1-553 

ioo  0.426  0.900  1-650 

200  0-452  0.958  1-777 

400  o . 475  i . 008  i . 866 

800  0.483  1.037  1.934 

1600  0.507  1-075  !-994 


45 
Table  CXXVIII — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

o  .  1062 

0.0885 

0.0342 

0.0588 

50 

o.  1084 

0.0855 

0.0437 

0.0718 

100 

O.  III2 

0.0833 

0.0474 

0.0750 

200 

0.  IIl8 

0.0854 

o  .  0506 

O.oSlQ 

4OO 

o.  1107 

O.O85I 

0-0533 

0.0858 

800 

O.II50 

o  .  0863 

0-0554 

0.0897 

1600 

0.  IIOI 

0.0853 

0.0568 

O.O9I9 

Table  CXXIX — Molecular   Conductivity  of  Strontium   Chloride 

in  a  Mixture  of  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 
35°,  45° 

V  nv2S°  nv  35°  AM;  45° 

10  5.85  9.13  13.38 

50  6.90  10.82  16.08 

100  7.29  n-45  16.78 

200  7-76  I2-34  18.07 

400  8.61  i3-63  19-99 

800  9.21  14.56  21.23 

1600  9.72  15.37  22.46 

Table  CXXX — Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25  °-35  ° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0560 

0.0465 

0.328 

0.425 

50 

0.0565 

0.0476 

0.392 

0.526 

IOO 

0.0571 

o  .  0466 

0.416 

0-533 

2OO 

0.0590 

0.0467 

0.458 

0-573 

400 

0.0588 

o  .  0465 

0.502 

0.636 

800 

0.0581 

0.0458 

0-535 

0.667 

I6OO 

O.O58l 

0.0458 

0.565 

0.709 

Table  CXXXI  —  Molecular  Conductivity  of   Strontium  Chloride 
in  a  Mixture  of  50  Per   cent.  Glycerol  with  Water  at  25°, 


35°,  45° 


10  28.08  38.38  51-30 

50  33-35  45-12  59-31 

loo  35  .19  48-17  63.40 

200  36.84  50-59  66.13 

400  38.74  52-59  69.16 

800  42.03  56.88  74-78 

1600  42.84  59  .08  79-39 


46 


Table  CXX XII— Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

3« 

°-t5° 

25 

°-35°              3 

5°-45° 

10 

0.0315 

0 

0337 

I 

030 

.292 

50 

0.0358 

0 

0315 

I 

177 

.419 

100 

0.0369 

o 

0312 

I 

298 

•523 

2OO 

0.0373 

0 

0307 

I 

375 

•554 

400 

0.0356 

0 

0315 

I 

385 

•657 

800 

0-0354 

0 

0315 

I 

485 

.790 

1600 

0.0378 

0 

0343 

I 

624           : 

2.031 

Table      CXXXIII  —  Molecular      Conductivity     of      Strontium 
Chloride  in  a  Mixture  of  25  Per   cent.  Glycerol  with  Water 


25°,  35°,  45° 


10 

50 

ioo 

200 
400 

800 
1600 


79.7 

92.2 

97.7 

102-3 
103.8 

107.1 
109.2 


100.5 

II7.3 

122.9 

129.3 
133.0 

135  .6 
137-3 


122.3 

H4  -2 

152.2 

159-8 
163.0 

168.7 
170.2 


Table  CX  XXIV—  Temperature  Coefficients 


Per  cent. 


Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

10 

0.0261 

0.0216 

2.08 

2.18 

50 

0.0271 

0.0229 

2-51 

2  .69 

IOO 

0.0258 

0.0239 

2.52 

2-93 

2OO 

O.O26I 

0.0235 

2  .  7O 

3-05 

400 

0.0281 

0.0224 

2.92 

3-oo 

800 

O.O266 

0.0243 

2.85 

3-3i 

1600 

0.0258 

0.0238 

2.8l 

3-29 

Table  CXX XV — Molecular  Conductivity  of  Strontium  Chloride 


210.6 


in  Water  at  25°,  35°,  45' 

v  »v  25° 

10  175-3 

50  199.1 

loo  207.5 

200  215.4 

400  224.5 

80O  230.8 

1600  235.9 


249.1 

252.5 
262.7 
274.8 
279.0 
285.6 


//z>45° 
247.8 
285.0 
299.1 
310.3 


332-8 
342-9 


47 


Table  C XXXV I— Temperature  Coefficients 

Per  cent.  Cond.  units 


V 

25°-35» 

35°-*5° 

25°-35° 

35°-45» 

10 

0.0201 

O.OlSo 

3-53 

3-72 

50 

0.0250 

0.0149 

5-oo 

3-59 

IOO 

0.0214 

0.0146 

4-50 

4.66 

200 

0.0219 

O.OI5O 

4-73 

4.76 

4OO 

O.O224 

O.OI7I 

5-03 

4.90 

800 

O.O2O9 

0.0193 

4.82 

5.38 

1600 

0.0210 

0.0200 

4-97 

5-73 

Table  C XXXV II — Comparison  of  Temperature  Coefficients  of 
Ammonium  Bromide  from  25°  to  55°  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 
and  Water 

V  100  per  cent.     75  per  cent.     50  per  cent.     25  per  cent.       0  per  cent. 

IO  O.IO32          0.0536          O.O34O          O.O249         O.O2I2 

50  O.I05I          0.0546          0.0341          0.0254         0.0204 

ioo     0.1075   0.0548   0.0340   0.0255   0.0199 

200  0.1080  0.0546  0.0334  0.0251  0.02 I I 
400  0.1069  0.0553  0.0339  0.0245  0.0205 
800  0.1085  0.0555  0.0342  0.0258  0.0202 

1600  0.1106       0.0538       0.0325       0.0255       0.0180 

Table  CXXXVIII — Comparison  of  Temperature  Coefficients  of 
Ammonium  Bromide  from  25°  to  35°  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 
and  Ethyl  Alcohol 


V 

100 

per  cent. 

75 

per  cent. 

50  per  cent. 

25 

per  cent. 

0 

per  cent. 

IO 

o 

.1032 

0 

.0704 

0.0472 

O 

.0263 

O 

.0156 

50 

0 

.1051 

0 

.0783 

0.0462 

0 

.0322 

0 

.0149 

IOO 

0 

•1075 

0 

.0724 

0.0516 

0 

.0292 

0 

•0157 

2OO 

o 

.  I080 

O 

.0721 

0.0475 

O 

.0298 

0 

.0165 

400 

0 

.  1069 

0 

•0755 

0.0495 

0 

.0303 

o 

.0160 

800 

0 

.1085 

0 

.0721 

o  .  0490 

0 

.0302 

o 

.0179 

1600 

0 

.  1106 

o 

.0699 

0.0489 

0 

•0314 

0 

.0178 

Table  CXXXIX — Comparison  of  Temperature  Coefficients  of 
Ammonium  Bromide  from  25°  to  35°  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 
and  Methyl  Alcohol 

50  per  cent.     25  per  cent.       0  per  cent. 
0.0348          O.O2O4         O.OIO7 

0.0345   0.0214   0.0116 

0.0362    0.0213    0.0136 

0.0368   0.0218   0.0130 

0.0372    0.0217    0.0103 

0.0398   0.0218   0.0125 

0.0383    0.0220    0.0124 


V 

100  per  cent. 

75  per  cent. 

10 

o.  1032 

O.O6OO 

50 

O.I05I 

0.0636 

IOO 

o.  1080 

0.0637 

2OO 

0.1075 

0.0629 

400 

o.  1069 

0.0633 

800 

o.  1085 

o  .  0642 

1600 

o.  1106 

0.0631 

48 


Table  CXL — Comparison  of 
Sodium  Nitrate  from  25° 
and  Water 


Temperature     Coefficients     of 
to  35°  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 


V 

100  per  cent. 

75  per  cent. 

50  per  cent. 

25  per  cent. 

0  per  cent. 

IO 

0.1033 

0.0529 

0.0348 

0.0253 

0.0198 

50 

o.  1046 

0.056l 

0.0350 

o  .  0244 

0.0204 

IOO 

o.  1096 

0.0549 

0.0352 

0.0272 

0.0212 

2OO 

o.  1070 

O.O54I 

0.0367 

0.0267 

0.02  1  1 

400 

o.  1058 

0.0534 

0.0365 

0.0264 

0.0190 

800 

o.  1058 

0.0538 

0.0338 

0.0254 

0.0201 

1600 

o.  1062 

0.0531 

0.0329 

0.0254 

0.0230 

Table    CXLI — Comparison 
Sodium  Nitrate  from  25 
and  Ethyl  Alcohol 


of      Temperature     Coefficients    of 
0  to  35°  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 


V 

100  per  cent. 

75  per  cent. 

50  per  cent. 

25  per  cent. 

10 

0.1033 

0.0736 

0.0457 

0.0284 

50 

o  .  1046 

0.0701 

O.O47O 

0.0288 

IOO 

o.  1070 

0.0742 

0.0475 

0.0292 

200 

o.  1096 

0.0739 

0.0478 

0.0290 

400 

0.1058 

0.0721 

0.0475 

0.0305 

800 

o.  1058 

0.0746 

0.0478 

0.0288 

1600 

o.  1062 

0.0742 

0.0487 

0.0305 

Table    CXLII — Comparison     of     Temperature     Coefficients    of 


Sodium  Nitrate  from 
nd  Methyl  Alcohol 


2 5°  to  35°  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 


V 

100  per  cent. 

75  per  cent. 

50  per  cent. 

25  per  cent. 

10 

0.1033 

o  .  0603 

0.0363 

0.0214 

50 

o.  1046 

0.0652 

0.0368 

0.0223 

IOO 

o.  1070 

0.0650 

0.0377 

0.0224 

200 

o.  1096 

0.0714 

0.0378 

0.0220 

400 

o.  1058 

0.0654 

0.0385 

0.0225 

800 

o.  1058 

0.0613 

0.0383 

0.0218 

1600 

o.  1062 

0.0658 

0.0390 

0.0230 

Table  CXLIII — Comparison  of  Temperature  Coefficients  of 
Potassium  Chloride  from  25°  to  35°  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 
and  Water 


V 

100  per  cent. 

75  per  cent. 

50  per  cent. 

25  per  cent. 

0  per  cent. 

10 

o.  1006 

0-0554 

0.0341 

0.0246 

0.0188 

50 

o.  1074 

0.0556 

0.0345 

0.0258 

0.0192 

IOO 

o.  1049 

0-0549 

0.0336 

0.0244 

O  .  O2OO 

20O 

o.  1047 

0.0548 

0.0338 

0.0253 

0.0195 

4OO 

o  .  0948 

0.0550 

0.0344 

0.0243 

O.O2OI 

800 

0.0962 

0-0553 

0.0344 

0.0238 

O.O2OI 

I6OO 

O.O7O7 

0.0558 

0-0345 

0.0253 

o  .  0206 

49 


Table  CXLIV — Comparison  of  Temperature  Coefficients  of 
Potassium  Chloride  from  25°  to  35°  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 
and  Ethyl  Alcohol 


V 

100  per  cent. 

75  per  cent. 

50  per  cent. 

25  per  cent. 

10 

o.  1006 

0.0694 

0.0459 

0.0281 

50 

o  .  1074 

0.0717 

0.0471 

0.0297 

100 

o.  1049 

0.0733 

o  .  0500 

o  .  0308 

2OO 

o.  1047 

0.0723 

0.0451 

0.0306 

400 

o  .  0948 

0.0719 

o  .  0490 

O.G352 

800 

0.0962 

0.0733 

0.0491 

0.0320 

1600 

o  .  0707 

0.0710 

0.0481 

0.0319 

Table  CXLV — Comparison  of 
Potassium  Chloride  from  25 c 
and  Methyl  Alcohol 


Temperature 


to  35( 


Coefficients    of 
in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol 


V 

100  per  cent. 

75  per  cent. 

50  per  cent. 

25  per  cent 

10 

o.  1006 

O  .  OO  I  2 

0.0369 

O.O22O 

50 

o.  1074 

0.0630 

0.0378 

0.0218 

100 

o.  1049 

o  .  0640 

0.0374 

0.0221 

200 

o.  1047 

0.0632 

0.0375 

O.O23O 

400 

o  .  0948 

0.0625 

0.0376 

0.0231 

800 

0.0962 

0.0639 

0.0371 

0.0227 

1600 

0.0707 

0.0632 

0.0365 

0.0237 

Table  CXLV  I — Comparison  of  Temperature  Co  efficients  of  Stron- 
tium Chloride  from  25°  to  55°  in   Mixtures  of  Glycerol  and 


Water 

V 

100 

per  cent. 

75  per  cent. 

50  per  cent. 

25  per  cent. 

0  per  cent. 

10 

o 

.  IO62 

0.0560 

0.0315 

0.0261 

0.0201 

50 

0 

.  1084 

0.0565 

0.0358 

O.O27I 

O.O25O 

IOO 

0 

.  III2 

0.0571 

0.0379 

0.0258 

O.O2I4 

2OO 

0 

.IIl8 

0.0590 

0.0373 

0.0261 

O.O2I9 

400 

o 

.  IIO7 

0.0588 

0.0356 

0.0281 

0.0224 

800 

0 

.1150 

0.0581 

0.0354 

O.O266 

0.0209 

I6OO 

0 

.  IIOI 

0.0581 

0.0378 

0.0258 

0.0210 

The  last  figure  in  all  tables  of  "per  cent."  "temperature  coef- 
ficients" should  be  disregarded. 


Table  CXLV11 — Viscosities  and  Fluidities  of  Solutions  in  Glycerol  ai  25°,  35°,  45' 

Temp.  coef. 


Salt 

1)  25°       1)  35° 

T)  45° 

6 

25° 

035° 

045° 

25°-35° 

35°-45° 

KC1 

6, 

.362 

2.836 

1.399 

0 

1571 

0.3527 

0.7147 

0.124 

0.103 

KBr 

6 

197 

2.760 

1.376 

0 

1613 

0.3623 

0.7264 

0.124 

0.101 

KNO3 

6 

,065 

2.734 

1.353 

0 

.1648 

0.3659 

0.7391 

0.122 

0.099 

NaCl 

6 

.716 

2.920 

1.445 

0 

,1613 

0.3429 

0.7143 

0.124 

0.106 

NaBr 

6 

,439 

2.865 

1.400 

0 

,1553 

0.3490 

0.7143 

0.124 

0.106 

Nal 

6 

.303 

2.822 

1.409 

0 

,1586 

0.3543 

0.7105 

0.124 

0.101 

NaN03 

6 

.288 

2.803 

1.405 

0 

,1590 

0.3546 

0.7117 

0.123 

0.101 

NH4C1 

6 

.142 

2.741 

1.360 

0 

,1628 

0.3649 

0.7357 

0.124 

0.101 

NH4Br 

5 

,970 

2.681 

1.329 

0 

.1672 

0.3729 

0.7524 

0.123 

0.102 

NH4NO3 

6 

306 

2.800 

1.408 

0 

,1587 

0.3572 

0.7097 

0.124 

0.099 

BaCl2 

7 

.447 

3.288 

1.626 

0 

.1343 

0.3041 

0.6150 

0.126 

0.102 

BaBr2 

7 

.100 

3.199 

1.571 

0 

.1409 

0.3126 

0.6366 

0.122 

0.103 

BaCNOs^ 

7 

,212 

3.182 

1.571 

0 

,1387 

0.3143 

0.6516 

0.126 

0.107 

SrCl2 

7.336 

3.224 

1.589 

0 

,1363 

0.3104 

0.6291 

0.127 

0.103 

SrBr2 

7 

.337 

3.219 

1.574 

0 

,1365 

0.3107 

0.6354 

0.127 

0.104 

Sr(N03)2 

7 

.640 

3.335 

1.640 

0 

,1308 

0.2998 

0.6098 

0.129 

0.106 

CaBr2 

7 

.674 

3.373 

1.630 

0 

,1303 

0  .  2964 

0.6135 

0.127 

0.106 

Ca(N03)2 

7 

.411 

3.278 

1.617 

0 

,1350 

0.3050 

0.6184 

0.125 

0.103 

Solvent 

6.067 

2.761 

1.352 

0 

.1648 

0.3683 

0.7396 

0.124 

0.101 

Table  CXLVIII — Viscosities  and  Fluidities  of  Solutions  in  Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75° 

Temp.  coef. 


Salt 

1)  55° 

1)  65° 

T)  75° 

55° 

0  65° 

9 

75° 

55 

3-65° 

< 

>5°-75° 

KC1 

0.7435 

0.4353 

0  .  2648 

.345 

2.297 

3 

776 

0 

071 

0 

064 

KBr 

0.7475 

0.4353 

0.2709 

.338 

2.297 

3 

692 

0 

065 

o 

061 

NaBr 

0.7664 

0.4439 

0.2689 

.305 

2.253 

3 

719 

0 

072 

o 

065 

NH4C1 

0.7366 

0.4269 

0.2613 

.357 

2.342 

3 

827 

0 

072 

0 

063 

NH4N03 

0.7284 

0.4254 

0.2618 

.373 

2.351 

3 

819 

0 

071 

fc 

062 

CoCl2 

0.8225 

0.4762 

0.2884 

.215 

2.099 

3 

467 

0 

073 

0 

065 

SrCl2 

0.8536 

0.4932 

0.2981 

.172 

2.028 

3 

355 

0 

073 

0 

065 

Solvent 

0.7415 

0.4288 

0.2620      1 

.350 

2.331 

3 

817 

0 

072 

0 

063 

Table  CXLIX — Viscosities  and  Fluidities  of  Solutions  in  Glycerol  at  55°,  65°,  75' 

Temp.  coef. 


Salt 

ry 

55° 

1}  65°       T) 

75°       555° 

0  65° 

6  75° 

55  °-65  ° 

65°-75° 

KC1 

0 

.6387 

0 

3781 

0.2334 

.565 

2.645 

4.283 

0.0689 

0.0619 

NH4C1 

0.6457 

0 

3805 

0 

2318 

.548 

2.628 

4.313 

0.0697 

0.0641 

NH4N03 

0 

6251 

0 

3701 

0 

2291 

.599 

2.702 

4.365 

0.0689 

0.0616 

Nal 

0 

6524 

0 

3827 

0 

2340 

.532 

2.613 

4.273 

0.0705 

0.0635 

Ba(N03)2 

0 

7080 

o 

4159 

0 

2544 

.412 

2.404 

3.931 

0.0702 

0  .  0635 

CoBr2 

o 

7388 

o 

4292 

0 

2638 

.353 

2.329 

3.789 

0.0721 

0.0629 

Solvent 

0 

6370 

0 

3732 

0 

2309 

.569 

2.678 

4.329 

0.0706 

0.0616 

Table    CL — Viscosities  and  Fluidities  of  Solutions  in   Mixtures  of   Glycerol   u-ith    Water 

at  25°,  35°,  45° 
In  Glycerol 

Temp.  coef. 


Salt 

7; 

25° 

rl 

35° 

»?  45° 

6 

25° 

6  35° 

d  45°  2 

5°-35° 

35°-45 

KC1 

6 

362 

2 

836 

.399 

0 

1571 

0.3527 

0.7147 

0.124 

0.103 

NH4Br 

5 

970 

2 

681 

.329 

0 

1672 

0.3729 

0.7524 

0.123 

0.102 

NaNOg 

6 

288 

2 

803 

.405 

0 

1590 

0.3546 

0.7117 

0.123 

0.101 

SrCl2 

7 

336 

3 

224 

.589 

0 

1363 

0.3104 

0.6291 

0.127 

0.103 

Solvent 

6 

067 

2 

761 

.352 

0 

1648 

0.3683 

0.7396 

0.124 

0.101 

In  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Water 


KC1 
NH4Br 
NaNO3 
SrCl2 
Solvent 

0.3394 
0.3278 
0.3274 
0.3642 
0.3169 

0 
0 
0 
0 

o 

.2003 
.1932 
.1947 
.2179 
.1884 

0.1293 
0.1249 
0.1233 
0.1326 
0.1186 

2.943 

3.035 
3.054 
2.746 
3.156 

4.993          7 
5.176          8 
5.137          8 
4  .  696          7 
5.307          8 

.733 
.008 
.111 
.543 
.431 

0.069S 
0.0699 
0.0682 
0.0713 
0.0681 

0 
0 
0 
() 
0 

.0549 
.0547 
.0558 
.0606 
.0586 

In 

50  Per  cent.  Glycerol  -with 

Water 

KC1 

0.06481 

0 

.04385 

0.03187 

15.27 

22.82 

31 

37 

0  .  0422 

0 

0347 

NH4Br 

0.06085 

0 

.04251 

0.03102 

16.43 

23.52 

32.05 

0.0431 

0 

0321 

NaNO3 

0.06333 

0.04372 

0.03216 

15.79 

22.87 

31. 

10 

0  .  0447 

0. 

0363 

SrCl2 

0.06607 

0 

.04563 

0.03335 

15.13 

21  .90 

29.99 

0.0379 

0.0369 

Solvent 

0.06109 

0.04233 

0.03114 

16.37 

23.63 

32. 

10 

0.0438 

0. 

0358 

In 

25  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with 

Water 

KC1 

0.02054 

o 

.01546 

0.01246 

48.68 

64.67 

SO 

.25 

0.0328 

o 

.0242 

NH4Br 

0.02046 

o 

.01552 

0.01226 

48.88 

64.50 

81 

.56 

0.0320 

0 

0264 

NaNO3 

0.02086 

0 

.01556 

0.01235 

47.95 

64.28 

80 

.96 

0.0340 

o 

.0245 

SrCl2 

0.02145 

o 

.01614 

0.01277 

46.62 

61.97 

78 

.31 

0.0329 

0 

.0263 

Solvent 

0.01946 

0.01466 

0.01171 

51.38 

68.22 

85.45 

0.0327 

0 

0253 

In  Water 

KC1 

0.00902 

o 

.00729 

0.00608 

110.8 

137.0 

164 

.6 

0.0243 

0 

.0201 

NH4Br 

0.00894 

o 

.00722 

0.00609 

112.0 

138.6 

164 

.1 

0.0246 

o 

.0199 

NaNO3 

0.00903 

0 

.00732 

0.00608 

110.8 

136.6 

164 

.4 

0.0236 

0 

.0202 

SrCl2 

0.00927 

0 

.00749 

0.00628 

107.9 

133.5 

159.4 

0.0237 

0.0194 

Solvent    0.00891   0.00720  0.00598   112.2 


138.9 


167.2    0.0237  0.0204 


Table  CLI — Viscosities    and  Fluidities  of     Solutions  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol  with  Ethyl 
Alcohol  at  25°,  35°,  45° 
In  75  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol 

Temp.  coef. 


Salt 

KC1 
NH4Br 
NaNO3 
Solvent 

KC1 
NH4Br 

NaN03 
Solvent 

25° 
1.123 
1.085 
1.171 
1.029 

0.2175 
0.2163 
0.2213 
0.2123 

35° 

0.5942 
0.5762 
0.6185 
0  .  5404 

In  50 
0.1377 
0.1325 
0.1360 
0.1351 

45° 

0.3387 
0.3291 
0.3509 
0.3111 

Per    cent. 
0.08840 
0.08668 
0  .  08906 
0.08723 

25° 
0.8904 
0.9214 
0.8547 
0.9720 

Glycerol  with 
4.598 
4.731 
4.523 
4.712 

35° 
1.683 
1.736 
1.635 
1.830 

Ethyl 
7.381 
7.550 
7.353 
7.402 

45° 
2.952 
3.039 
2.850 
3.215 

Alcohol 
11.31 
11.54 
11.23 
11.46 

25°-35° 
0.0890 
0.0885 
0.0900 
0.0912 

0.0605 
0  .  0595 
0.0620 
0.0600 

35°^5( 
0.0754 
0.0751 
0.0762 
0.0759 

0.0533 
0.0528 
0.0527 
0.0529 

In  25  Per    cent.  Glycerol  with  Ethyl  Alcohol 

KC1  0.04473  0.03263  0.02487     22.36          30.66         40.21  0.0371   0.0311 

NH4Br     0.04396  0.03227  0.02442     22.75          31.01          40.94  0.0369  0.0326 

NaNO3     0.04464  0.03276  0.02481      22.40         30.52          40.31  0.0362  0.0320 

Solvent    0.04184  0.03061   0.02303     23.90         32.77          43.42  0.0371   0.0324 


In  Ethyl  Alcohol 

0.01216  0.009526  0.007979  86.13        105.1          125.3          0.0219  0.0193 
Solvent  0.0 1068  0.008683  0.007292  93.70        115.2          137.7          0.0227  0.0191 


52 


Table  CHI  —  Viscosities  and  Fluidities  of  Solutions  in  Mixtures  of  Glycerol  -with  Methyl 


Salt 
KC1 


NaN03 
Solvent 


KC1 

NH4Br 

NaNO3 
Solvent 


KC1 
NH4Br 
NaNO3 
Solvent 


NH4Br 
Solvent 


Alcohol  at  25°,  35°  >  45° 
In  75  Per    cent.  Glycerol  -with  Methyl  Alcohol 


25° 

35° 

45° 

25° 

35° 

0.6308 

0 

.3512 

0.2129 

1.585 

2.850 

0.5999 

0 

.3347 

0.2011 

1.666 

2.987 

0.6362 

0 

.3590 

0.2122 

1.572 

2.786 

0.6242 

0 

.3519 

0.2087 

1.609 

2.842 

Temp.  coef. 

45°     25°-35°  35°-45{ 
4.696  0.0797  0.0659 
4.973  0.0793  0.0665 
4.713  0.0771   0.0689 
4.792  0.0763  0.0681 


In  50  Per  cent.  Glycerol  -with  Methyl  Alcohol 

0.09521  0.06367  0.04474   10.51    15.70  22.35  0.0494  0.0423 

0.09225  0.06300  0.04361   10.84   15.87  22.93  0.0464  0.0444 

0.09717  0.06502  0.04574  10.29   15.74  21.87  0.0496  0.0436 

0.09657  0.06512  0.04446   10.35   15.35  22.50  0.0484  0.0468 

In  25  Per  cent.  Glycerol  with  Methyl  Alcohol 

0.020830.016310.0131   48.02   61.32  76.31  0.02760.0244 

0.02064  0.01610  0.0130   48.46   62.11  76.01  0.0261  0.0223 

0.02098  0.01627  0.0130   47.75   61.48  76.46  0.0287  0.0243 

0.01886  0.01481  0.0119   53.01   67.53  83.71  0.0274  0.0240 

In  Methyl  Alcohol 

0.006254  0.005410  0.004745  159.9   184.8  211.2  0.0155  0.0143 

0.005542  0.005066  0.004469  17  1.2   197.4  223.7  0.0157  0.0139 


Table   CLIII  —  Table  Showing  Viscosities  and  Fluidities  of   Substances  -which  n'ere  Found 
to  Lower  the  Viscosity  of  Pure  Glycerol  at  25°,  35°,  and  45° 

Temp.  coef. 


Salt 

V 

25° 

35°         45° 

25o 

35° 

45°      25°-35° 

?5°-45° 

NaNO3 

0.10 

5.367 

2 

425      1.222 

0.1863 

0.4125 

0.8186 

0 

121 

0.100 

NH4Br 

0.10 

5.206 

2 

329 

.187 

0.1929 

0.4264 

0  .  8423 

0 

121 

0.098 

NH4Br 

0.50 

5.071 

2 

324 

.189 

0.1972 

0.4302 

0.8409 

0 

118 

0.096 

NH4I 

0.10 

5.108 

o 

320 

.165 

0.1957 

0.4308 

0.8583 

0 

118 

0.098 

NH4I 

0.50 

4.605 

2 

157 

.080 

0.2173 

0.4745 

0.9259 

0 

118 

0.096 

RbBr 

0.10 

5.183 

2.332 

.176 

0.1975 

0.4288 

0.8502 

0 

117 

0.098 

RbBr 

0.50 

4.768 

2 

183      1.112 

0.2098 

0.4583 

0.8998 

6 

118 

0.096 

Solvent. 

5.298 

2 

.366      1.198 

0.1888 

0.4226 

0  .  8347 

0 

118 

0.097 

DISCUSSION   OF   RESULTS 

A  rise  in  temperature  causes  an  increase  in  conductivity, 
which  may  be  due  to  either  or  to  both  of  the  following  causes : 
First,  an  increase  in  the  number  of  the  ions  present,  and 
second,  an  increase  in  the  velocity  of  the  ions.  That  the 
number  of  the  ions  does  not  generally  increase  with  rise  in 
temperature  has  been  shown  by  direct  measurement  of  the 
degree  of  dissociation  by  means  of  the  conductivity  method. 
This  is  in  accord  with  the  theory  of  Dutoit  and  Aston,1  which 

1  Loc.  cit. 


53 

makes  the  dissociating  power  of  a  solvent  a  function  of  its 
own  association.  The  degree  of  association  of  a  solvent 
has  been  shown  by  the  method  of  Ramsay  and  Shields1  to 
decrease  with  rise  in  temperature;  hence,  its  power  to  dis- 
sociate an  electrolyte  into  its  ions  has  been  diminished.  It  is, 
however,  true  that  the  theory  of  Dutoit  and  Aston  is  only  an 
approximation. 

The  increase  in  velocity  of  the  ions  with  rise  in  temperature 
must  then  be  the  one  conditioning  cause  of  the  increase  in 
conductivity.  This  change  in  velocity  of  the  ions  may  be 
due  to  either  or  to  both  of  the  following  causes :  First,  change 
in  the  viscosity  of  the  medium  through  which  the  ions  move; 
second,  as  Jones2  and  his  coworkers  have  shown,  to  the  change 
in  complexity  of  the  solvates  which  surround  the  ion. 

In  no  other  solvent  is  the  change  in  conductivity  with 
change  in  temperature  so  pronounced  as  in  the  one  which 
chiefly  concerns  this  investigation,  viz.,  glycerol.  The  chief 
cause  of  this  change  is  largely  the  change  in  the  viscosity  of 
the  solution,  while  we  believe  that  there  is  some  evidence 
brought  out  in  this  investigation  that  indicates  the  presence 
of  glycerolates. 

Tables  I  to  XXXVI,  inclusive,  give  the  molecular  conductivi- 
ties at  25°,  35°  and  45°  of  all  the  electrolytes  which  we  have 
studied  in  pure  glycerol  as  a  solvent.  It  is  seen  that  in  all  cases 
the  values  for  fiv  are  extremely  small,  but  show,  in  general, 
a  regular  increase,  both  with  increased  dilution  and  with  rise 
in  temperature. 

Associated  with  each  table  of  conductivity  is  a  table  giving; 
the  temperature  coefficients  of  conductivity,  both  in  per  cent, 
and  in  conductivity  units.  Since  the  latter  show  the  actual 
increase  in  conductivity  per  degree  rise  in  temperature,  a  dis- 
cussion of  these  data  will  bring  out  the  most  interesting  points 
of  this  part  of  the  work. 

Although  the  temperature  coefficients  of  conductivity, 
when  expressed  in  conductivity  units,  show,  in  general,  a 
regular  increase  with  increased  dilution,  yet  this  is  much 

1  Loc.  cit. 

2  Am.  Chem.  J.,  35,  445  (1906). 


54 

more  marked  with  ternary  than  with  binary  electrolytes. 
This  fact  has  been  observed  by  Jones1  for  aqueous  solutions 
in  a  discussion  of  the  work  of  West.2 

Results  of  the  present  investigation  show  that  in  glycerol 
the  temperature  coefficients  of  conductivity  of  any  given 
substance,  at  high  dilution,  are  larger  than  at  lower  dilution, 
and  that  the  relative  increase  is  greater  with  salts  of  barium, 
strontium,  calcium,  and  cobalt  than  with  salts  of  sodium, 
potassium  and  ammonium.  These  facts  may  be  explained  in 
terms  of  the  theory  of  solvation.  That  solvation  takes  place 
in  aqueous  solution  has  been  shown  beyond  reasonable  doubt  by 
Jones  and  his  coworkers;  and,  indeed,  Jones  and  Strong  have 
obtained  abundant  spectroscopic  evidence  for  solvates  in 
glycerol  as  a  solvent. 

If  there  is  solvation,  then,  according  to  the  mass  law,  in 
the  more  dilute  solutions,  where  the  amount  of  solvent  per 
ion  is  greatest,  we  should  expect  to  find  the  most  complex 
solvates.  Any  change  in  temperature  would  produce  the 
greatest  effect  where  the  solvation  was  greatest,  that  is,  in  the 
most  dilute  solutions.  Again,  this  change  in  solvation  should 
be  more  apparent  in  those  salts  which  have  the  greater  power 
of  combining  with  the  solvent,  or,  in  the  case  of  water,  with 
those  salts  that  have  the  largest  number  of  molecules  of  water 
of  crystallization. 

It  cannot,  of  course,  be  said  that  salts  of  barium,  strontium, 
calcium,  and  cobalt  possess  a  power  of  combining  with  glycerol 
similar  to  that  which  they  manifest  towards  water,  but  it 
is  not  surprising  to  find  solvation  more  marked  with  these 
salts  than  with  salts  that  have  very  slight  hydrating  power, 
such  as  the  salts  of  sodium,  potassium  and  ammonium. 

It  is  also  true  that  salts  of  approximately  the  same  hy- 
drating power  show,  in  glycerol,  temperature  coefficients  of 
the  same  order  of  magnitude. 

The  molecular  conductivities  at  low  dilutions  in  nearly 
every  case  are  smaller  for  ternary  than  for  binary  electrolytes, 
while  at  higher  dilutions  the  reverse  is  true  without  excep- 

1  Loc.  cit. 

2  Am.  Chem.  J..  34,  357  (1905) 


55 

tion.  This  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  glycerol  is  only  a 
fair  dissociating  agent,  resembling  methyl  and  ethyl  alcohols, 
and  has,  at  moderate  concentrations,  the  power  of  producing 
only  two  ions  from  a  ternary  electrolyte,  or  at  least  dissociating 
a  ternary  electrolyte  only  to  a  moderate  extent. 

One  should  expect  to  find  the  ternary  electrolytes  yielding 
more  ions  at  higher  dilutions,  and,  hence,  showing  a  greater 
molecular  conductivity  than  binary  electrolytes  under  the 
same  conditions.  That  this  is  true  may  be  best  shown  by 
comparing  the  molecular  conductivities  of  several  of  the  binary 
and  ternary  electrolytes  used. 

Salt  fiv  10  fty  1600 

KNO3  0.337  0.431 

KBr  0.366  0.413 

NaCl  0.328  0.395 

BaBr2  0.330  0.530 

Ba(NO3)2  0.246  0.462 

Ca(N03)2  0.283  0.472 

SrCl2  0.322  0.507 

In  the  above  table  the  molecular  conductivities  of  several 
typical  salts  at  25°  are  compared  at  volumes  10  and  1600, 
respectively.  These  data  confirm  the  above  statement,  that 
while  at  low  dilutions  a  ternary  electrolyte  usually  has  the 
smaller  molecular  conductivity,  at  higher  dilutions  the  re- 
verse is  usually  true. 

Tables  XXXVII  to  LVI  give  the  molecular  conductivities  and 
temperature  coefficients  of  conductivity  of  all  the  salts  studied 
at  55  °,  65  °  and  75  °.  The  same  general  relations  hold  at  these 
temperatures  as  at  the  lower  temperatures,  viz.,  a  regular 
increase  in  conductivity  with  increased  dilution  and  rise  in 
temperature;  and  a  more  marked  increase,  or  a  larger  tem- 
perature coefficient,  with  those  salts  which  in  aqueous  solutions 
possess  the  greatest  power  of  hydration.  The  same  reasoning 
employed  above  for  the  lower  temperatures  is  applicable 
here. 

Tables  LVII  to  CXXXVI,  inclusive,  contain  the  data  for  the 
molecular  conductivity  and  temperature  coefficients  of  con- 
ductivity, expressed  both  in  per  cent,  and  in  conductivity  units „ 


for  potassium  chloride,  sodium  nitrate,  ammonium  bromide,  and 
strontium  chloride  in  the  various  mixtures  of  glycerol  with 
water,  methyl  alcohol,  and  ethyl  alcohol.  The  results  are 
plotted  in  Figures  I  to  X,  inclusive. 


H   150 


25 


50 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  I  —  Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride  in  Glycerol-Water  at  25  ° 


57 


-  5 


'  75  50 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  II — Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride  in  Glycerol-Ethyl  Alcohol  at  25° 


75 


I 

25 


ro 


50 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  Ill — Conductivity  of  Potassium  Chloride  in  Glycerol-Methyl  Alcohol  at  25 


59 


100 


50  25 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  IV— Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate  in  Glycerol-Water  at  25* 


6o 


-  5 


I  «  J 

75  50  25  o 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  V— Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate  in  Glycerol-Ethyl  Alcohol  at  25° 


6i 


75  50  25  o 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  VI — Conductivity  of  Sodium  Nitrate  in  Glycerol-Methyl  Alcohol  at  25° 


62 


T50 


125 


I  I  I 

ioo  75  50  25  o 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  VII — Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Bromide  in  Glycerol- Water  at  25° 


50  25  o 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  VIII — Conductivity  of  jAmmonium  Bromide  in  Glycerol-Ethyl  Alcohol  at  25  ° 


64 


-    75 


50  25  o 

Per  cent,  Glycerol 
Fig.  IX — Conductivity  of  Ammonium  Bromide  in  Glycerol-Methyl  Alcohol  at  25° 


50  25  o 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  X — Conductivity  of  Strontium  Chloride  in  Glycerol-Water  at  25° 


66 

These  curves  show  that  the  conductivities  in  such  mixtures 
do  not  follow  the  law  of  averages,  but  are  always  less.  In 
every  case  there  is  a  marked  sagging  of  the  curves,  but  in 
no  instance  was  a  minimum  obtained.  This  deviation  from  the 
law  of  averages  has  been  explained  by  the  work  of  Jones  with 
Lindsay  and  Murray,  which  has  been  discussed  elsewhere  in 
this  paper.  When  glycerol  is  mixed  with  water,  or  with  either 
of  the  alcohols,  it  is  clear  that  the  properties  of  the  mixture 
are  not  additive,  the  one  solvent  tending  to  lessen  the  asso- 
ciation of  the  other;  and,  hence,  their  combined  power  of  dis- 
sociating electrolytes  is  less  than  would  be  expected  if 
there  were  no  such  lowering  of  each  other's  association. 

Potassium  chloride  and  sodium  nitrate  are  nearly  insoluble 
in  the  alcohols,  and  yet  curves  expressing  the  conductivities 
of  these  salts  in  mixtures  of  the  alcohols  with  glycerol  are 
strikingly  similar  to  those  of  ammonium  bromide.  This 
seems  to  indicate  that  the  deviation  from  the  law  of  aver- 
ages is  due  largely  to  the  change  in  association  of  the  glycerol. 

Tables  CXXXVII  to  CXLVI,  inclusive,  give  a  comparison  of 
the  percentage  temperature  coefficients  of  conductivity  from  25  ° 
to  35°  of  all  the  salts  we  have  studied  in  mixed  solvents. 
In  pure  glycerol  these  values  are  very  large,  being  from  ten 
to  eleven  per  cent,  per  degree  rise  in  temperature.  They 
decrease  very  rapidly  with  the  addition  of  either  water  or  the 
alcohols.  The  temperature  coefficients  also  decrease  very 
rapidly  with  rise  in  temperature. 

VISCOSITIES  AND  FLUIDITIES 

Table  CXLVII  includes  the  viscosities  and  fluidities  of  the 
eighteen  electrolytes  whose  conductivities  I  have  studied. 
Measurements  were  made  only  with  the  tenth-normal  solu- 
tions, since,  at  higher  dilutions,  the  difference  in  viscosity 
between  the  solution  and  solvent  is  hardly  large  enough  to 
be  detected,  much  less  measured.  In  nearly  every  case  the 
viscosity  of  the  solution  is  greater  than  that  of  the  solvent. 
Ammonium  bromide  was  found  to  be  an  exception  to  this 
rule,  and  will  be  discussed  more  fully.  The  temperature 
coefficients  of  fluidity  are  very  large  and  almost  equal  to  the 


67 

temperature  coefficients  of  conductivity.  That  the  former 
are  larger  than  the  latter  is  not  surprising,  since  rise  in  tem- 
perature would  decrease  the  dissociation  and  thus  decrease 
the  conductivity,  which  would,  at  least  in  part,  offset  the 
increase  in  conductivity  caused  by  increase  in  fluidity. 

The  ternary  electrolytes  show  a  much  greater  increase  in 
viscosity  than  the  binary  electrolytes.  It  will  be  recalled  that 
the  salts  which  show  the  greatest  increase  in  viscosity  are 
those  in  which  the  solvation  seemed  to  be  the  greatest. 

This  increase  in  viscosity  of  the  ternary  over  the  binary 
electrolytes  may  be  due  to  several  causes.  There  may  be  a 
greater  number  of  ions  present,  which,  since  the  viscosity  is  a 
function  of  the  skin  friction,  would  increase  the  viscosity; 
or  the  molecules  of  the  solvent,  combined  as  solvates,  may  be 
so  attached  to  the  molecule  of  the  solute  as  to  hinder  its  move- 
ment. It  is  not  supposed  that  in  any  case  of  solvation  the 
molecules  of  the  solvent  are  so  held  as  to  form  a  complex 
chemical  molecule,  since  this  would,  of  course,  decrease  the 
skin  friction  and  thus  lessen  the  viscosity  of  the  solution. 

The  fact  that  solutions  of  ternary  electrolytes  show  greater 
viscosities  than  solutions  of  binary  electrolytes  may  be  a 
conditioning  factor  in  the  small  molecular  conductivity  shown 
by  them  in  the  more  concentrated  solutions.  It  is,  how- 
ever, hardly  possible  that  this  could  account  entirely  for  the 
phenomenon,  since  there  is  probably  less  actual  dissociation  of 
a  ternary  than  of  a  binary  electrolyte  in  the  most  concentrated 
solutions. 

It  is  probable,  then,  that  the  large  viscosity  of  the  ternary 
electrolytes  in  glycerol  is  due  to  a  summation  of  at  least  two 
effects:  The  small  atomic  volumes  of  barium,  strontium, 
calcium  and  cobalt,  and  possibly  to  some  factor  caused  by 
solvation  of  the  ions  or  molecules  of  the  electrolytes,  which,  as 
stated  above,  would  probably  be  greater  with  the  salts  of  these 
metals  than  with  salts  of  sodium,  potassium  and  ammonium. 

Tables  CXLVIII  and  CXLIX  give  the  corresponding  viscosity 
data  at  55°,  65°  and  75°.  The  same  general  relations  seem 
to  hold  at  the  higher  as  at  the  lower  temperatures.  It  was 
found  necessary  to  give  these  results  in  two  tables,  since 


68 

the  specific  viscosity  of  the  two  samples  of  glycerol  used  in 
this  part  of  the  work  differed  to  some  extent.  There  was  only 
a  small  difference  in  the  specific  conductivity  of  the  two  speci- 
mens used.  This  difference  in  viscosity  may  be  due  to  some 
polymerization  of  the  glycerol.  The  temperature  coeffi- 
cients of  fluidity  at  these  higher  temperatures  are  very  similar 
to  those  of  conductivity  at  the  same  temperatures. 

From  the  data  obtained,  we  are  justified  in  concluding 
that  curves  representing  change  in  conductivity  and  change  in 
fluidity  with  rise  in  temperature  are  very  similar  to  one  an- 
other. In  a  word,  conductivity  seems  to  follow  fluidity  quite 
closely  over  the  range  of  temperature  from  25°  to  75°. 

The  fact  that  glycerol  has  such  a  very  large  temperature 
coefficient  of  viscosity  presents  the  possibility  of  throwing 
some  light  upon  the  relation  between  viscosity  and  reaction 
velocity.  It  has  long  been  felt  that  the  viscosity  of  the  medium 
in  which  the  reaction  is  taking  place  must  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration, and  if  the  velocity  of  some  reaction  could  be  fol- 
lowed, using  glycerol  as  a  solvent,  it  is  highly  probable  that 
interesting  results  would  be  obtained.  Glycerol,  being  such 
an  excellent  solvent,  seems  well  adapted  to  such  work. 

The  viscosities  and  fluidities  of  solutions  in  the  various 
mixtures  of  glycerol  with  the  alcohols  and  with  water  are 
given  in  Tables  CL  to  CLII,  inclusive.  Measurements 
were  made  only  with  the  tenth-normal  solutions,  since  the 
viscosities  of  the  more  dilute  solutions  differ  very  slightly 
from  that  of  the  solvent  in  each  case.  Curves  representing 
the  change  in  fluidity  with  concentration  of  glycerol  are  given 
in  Figure  XI.  These  curves  are,  in  general,  strikingly  analogous 
to  the  curves  representing  the  conductivities  in  the  same 
mixtures,  though  it  is  seen  that  the  increase  in  fluidity  is  more 
rapid  than  the  increase  in  conductivity.  The  viscosities  of 
the  solutions  are  in  nearly  every  case  greater  than  that  of  the 
pure  solvent. 

NEGATIVE   VISCOSITY   COEFFICIENTS 

One  of  the  most  interesting  points  brought  out  in  this 
investigation  is  the  fact  that  certain  salts  have  been  found  to 


69 


.  150 


H20 


.  700 


CH3OH 


C2H5OH 


50  25 

Per  cent.  Glycerol 
Fig.  XI— Fluidity  of  Glycerol  Mixtures  at  25  ° 


yo 

lower  the  viscosity  of  glycerol.  The  fact  that  certain  electro- 
lytes have  the  power  to  lower  the  viscosity  of  water  has  been 
known  for  some  time,  and  the  various  theories  put  forward 
to  explain  such  phenomena  have  been  discussed  elsewhere  in 
this  paper.  Jones  and  Veazey1  were  the  first  to  offer  an 
apparently  satisfactory  explanation,  the  large  atomic  vol- 
umes of  the  metals  whose  salts  produced  such  a  change  being 
the  key  to  the  phenomenon.  The  presence  of  elements  with 
large  atomic  volumes,  as  has  been  stated,  would  decrease 
the  amount  of  skin  friction  in  a  given  volume  of  solution, 
and,  thus,  in  terms  of  the  theory  of  Thorpe  and  Rodger,  would 
decrease  the  viscosity.  Jones  and  Veazey  pointed  out  that 
only  salts  of  potassium,  rubidium,  and  caesium  produce 
a  decrease  in  the  viscosity  of  water,  and  that  these 
salts  do  so  in  a  direct  ratio  to  their  respective  atomic  vol- 
umes. Schmidt1  had  noted  that  the  increase  in  viscosity 
of  solutions  in  glycerol  over  that  of  the  pure  solvent  was 
in  an  inverse  ratio  to  the  atomic  volumes  of  the  metals  whose 
salts  he  studied ;  but  in  no  case  did  he  find  a  negative  viscosity 
coefficient  in  pure  glycerol. 

The  results  showing  negative  viscosities  in  glycerol  are 
given  in  Table  CLIII.  From  this  table  it  can  be  seen  that  one- 
tenth  gram-molecule  of  rubidium  bromide  lowers  the  vis- 
cosity of  glycerol  about  two  per  cent.,  while  one-half  gram- 
molecule  lowers  the  viscosity  of  the  solvent  over  eight  per 
cent. 

This  lowering  of  the  viscosity  of  glycerol  by  a  salt  of  rubidium 
is  analogous  to  the  lowering  of  the  viscosity  of  water  produced 
by  the  same  salt.  The  explanation  of  this  phenomenon 
may  be  sought  for  in  the  theory  of  Jones  and  Veazey,  as  elab- 
orated in  the  introduction  to  this  paper,  i.  e.,  the  large  atomic 
volume  of  rubidium. 

Ammonium  bromide  and  ammonium  iodide  produce  the 
same  effect  on  the  viscosity  of  glycerol,  as  is  seen  in  Table 
CLIII.  It  is  clear  that  we  can  not  speak  of  the  atomic  volume 
of  ammonium,  since  we  know  of  it  neither  in  the  "atomic" 
nor  the  "free"  condition.  It  is,  however,  well  known  that 

1  Loc.  cil. 


ammonium  is  closely  analogous  chemically  to  potassium, 
caesium  and  rubidium,  and  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  it  ex- 
hibiting the  same  physical  behavior,  such  as  the  effect  on  the 
viscosity  of  a  solvent. 

Summary  of  Conclusions  Drawn  from  this  Investigation 

(1)  Glycerol  forms  mixtures  with  water,  ethyl  alcohol,  and 
methyl  alcohol  whose  properties  are  not  additive.      This  is  in 
agreement  with  the  work  of  Jones  and  Schmidt. 

(2)  Curves  representing  fluidity  and  conductivity  are  very 
similar  to  one  another  over  the  range  of  temperature  from  25° 
to  75°. 

(3)  Salts  which  have  the  highest  power  of  solvation  show 
the  greatest  temperature  coefficients  of  conductivity,  and  these 
are  greater  in  the  more  dilute  solutions. 

(4)  In  mixed  solvents  containing  glycerol,  with  water,  ethyl 
and  methyl  alcohols,  the  curves  representing  conductivity  and 
fluidity  are  strikingly  analogous. 

(5)  The  molecular  conductivities  of  ternary  electrolytes  in 
glycerol  at  lew  dilutions    are  usually  smaller  than  those  of 
binary  electrolytes  under  the  same  conditions,  while  at  high 
dilutions  the  reverse  is  generally  true. 

(6)  While  the  majority  of  the  salts  studied  increase  the  viscos- 
ity of  glycerol,  yet  certain  salts  of  rubidium  and  ammonium 
lower  the  viscosity  of  glycerol. 

(7)  Some  evidence  for  the  existence  of  glycerolates  has  been 
given. 


BIOGRAPHY. 

James  Samuel  Guy,  the  author  of  this  dissertation,  was  born 
in  Chester  County,  South  Carolina,  April  i,  1884.  His  pre- 
liminary training  was  received  in  the  public  school  of  Lowry- 
ville,  South  Carolina.  In  the  fall  of  1902  he  entered  Davidson 
College,  from  which  institution  he  received  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  1905,  and  Master  of  Arts  in  1906. 
During  the  years  1906-07  and  1907-08  he  taught  Mathematics 
in  Fredericksburg  College,  Virginia.  In  the  fall  of  1908  he 
entered  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  as  a  graduate  student 
in  Chemistry.  His  subordinate  studies  were  Physical  Chem- 
istry and  Mineralogy.  For  the  year  1910-11  he  was  appointed 
a  Fellow  in  Chemistry. 


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